python学习笔记8--面向对象--属性和方法详解

属性:

  公有属性  (属于类,每个类一份)

  普通属性  (属于对象,每个对象一份)

  私有属性    (属于对象,跟普通属性相似,只是不能通过对象直接访问) 

方法:(按作用)

  构造方法

  析构函数

方法:(按类型)

  普通方法

  私有方法(方法前面加两个下划线)

  静态方法

  类方法

  属性方法

静态方法

@staticmethod
静态方法,通过类直接调用,不需要创建对象,不会隐式传递self

类方法

@classmethod
类方法,方法中的self是类本身,调用方法时传的值也必须是类的公有属性,
就是说类方法只能操作类本身的公有字段

class Dog(object):
    food = "gutou"
    age = "1"
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.NAME = name
    @classmethod
    def eat(self,age): #只能是类中的变量
        # print(self.NAME)
        print(age)
        print(self.food)

    @classmethod
    def eat1(self, age):  # 只能是类中的变量
        # print(self.NAME)
        age = "2"
        self.food = "tang"
    @staticmethod
    def print_1():
        print(Dog.food, Dog.age)

d = Dog("labuladuo")
d.eat(Dog.age)    #通过对象调用
Dog.eat(Dog.age)  #通过类调用
print("-----1-----")
d.eat1(Dog.age)
Dog.print_1()
print("--------2-------")
Dog.eat1(Dog.age)
Dog.print_1()

属性方法

属性变为私有属性,加断言

class Cycle(object):
    def __init__(self,x,y,radius):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.radius = radius
    @property
    def radius(self):
        return self.__radius
    @radius.setter
    def radius(self,radius):
        assert radius > 0, "radius must be nonzero and non-negative"
        self.__radius = radius
    @radius.deleter
    def radius(self):
        del self.__radius
    def __str__(self):
        return "({0},{1},{2})".format(self.x,self.y,self.radius)

c = Cycle(1,1,7)
c.radius = 9
print(c)
del c.radius
print(c.radius)
#(1,1,9)
#AttributeError: 'Cycle' object has no attribute '_Cycle__radius'
class Dog(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.__food = None
    # def eat(self, food):原始方式
    #     self.__food = food
    #     print('%s eat %s' %(self.name, food))
    @property
    def eat(self):
        print('%s eat %s' %(self.name,self.__food))
    @eat.setter
    def eat(self, food):
        self.__food = food
    @eat.deleter
    def eat(self):
        del self.__food
        print("删完了")


d = Dog("labuladuo")
# d.eat("baozi") #原始方式
d.eat
d.eat = "baozi"
d.eat  #调用方式没变,只是改变传入的参数就改变了结果
#可以删除__food属性

del d.eat
d.eat  # 报错

'''输出
labuladuo eat None
labuladuo eat baozi
删完了
AttributeError: 'Dog' object has no attribute '_Dog__food'
'''

属性方法应用场景

好吧,把一个方法变成静态属性有什么卵用呢?既然想要静态变量,那直接定义成一个静态变量不就得了么?well, 以后你会需到很多场景是不能简单通过 定义 静态属性来实现的, 比如 ,你想知道一个航班当前的状态,是到达了、延迟了、取消了、还是已经飞走了, 想知道这种状态你必须经历以下几步:

1. 连接航空公司API查询

2. 对查询结果进行解析 

3. 返回结果给你的用户

因此这个status属性的值是一系列动作后才得到的结果,所以你每次调用时,其实它都要经过一系列的动作才返回你结果,但这些动作过程不需要用户关心, 用户只需要调用这个属性就可以,明白 了么?

class Flight(object):
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.flight_name = name


    def checking_status(self):
        print("checking flight %s status " % self.flight_name)
        return  1

    @property
    def flight_status(self):
        status = self.checking_status()
        if status == 0 :
            print("flight got canceled...")
        elif status == 1 :
            print("flight is arrived...")
        elif status == 2:
            print("flight has departured already...")
        else:
            print("cannot confirm the flight status...,please check later")


f = Flight("CA980")
f.flight_status

cool , 那现在我只能查询航班状态, 既然这个flight_status已经是个属性了, 那我能否给它赋值呢?试试吧  

f = Flight("CA980")
f.flight_status
f.flight_status =  2  

输出为:发现不能更改

checking flight CA980 status
flight is arrived...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/jieli/PycharmProjects/python基础/自动化day7面向对象高级/属性方法.py", line 58, in <module>
    f.flight_status =  2
AttributeError: can't set attribute

当然可以改, 不过需要通过@proerty.setter装饰器再装饰一下,此时 你需要写一个新方法, 对这个flight_status进行更改。  

class Flight(object):
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.flight_name = name


    def checking_status(self):
        print("checking flight %s status " % self.flight_name)
        return  1


    @property
    def flight_status(self):
        status = self.checking_status()
        if status == 0 :
            print("flight got canceled...")
        elif status == 1 :
            print("flight is arrived...")
        elif status == 2:
            print("flight has departured already...")
        else:
            print("cannot confirm the flight status...,please check later")
    
    @flight_status.setter #修改
    def flight_status(self,status):
        status_dic = {
: "canceled",
:"arrived",
: "departured"
        }
        print("\033[31;1mHas changed the flight status to \033[0m",status_dic.get(status) )

    @flight_status.deleter  #删除
    def flight_status(self):
        print("status got removed...")

f = Flight("CA980")
f.flight_status
f.flight_status =  2 #触发@flight_status.setter 
del f.flight_status #触发@flight_status.deleter

  

  

  

  

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/SuKiWX/p/8966578.html

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