属性:
公有属性 (属于类,每个类一份)
普通属性 (属于对象,每个对象一份)
私有属性 (属于对象,跟普通属性相似,只是不能通过对象直接访问)
方法:(按作用)
构造方法
析构函数
方法:(按类型)
普通方法
私有方法(方法前面加两个下划线)
静态方法
类方法
属性方法
静态方法
@staticmethod
静态方法,通过类直接调用,不需要创建对象,不会隐式传递self
类方法
@classmethod
类方法,方法中的self是类本身,调用方法时传的值也必须是类的公有属性,
就是说类方法只能操作类本身的公有字段
class Dog(object):
food = "gutou"
age = "1"
def __init__(self, name):
self.NAME = name
@classmethod
def eat(self,age): #只能是类中的变量
# print(self.NAME)
print(age)
print(self.food)
@classmethod
def eat1(self, age): # 只能是类中的变量
# print(self.NAME)
age = "2"
self.food = "tang"
@staticmethod
def print_1():
print(Dog.food, Dog.age)
d = Dog("labuladuo")
d.eat(Dog.age) #通过对象调用
Dog.eat(Dog.age) #通过类调用
print("-----1-----")
d.eat1(Dog.age)
Dog.print_1()
print("--------2-------")
Dog.eat1(Dog.age)
Dog.print_1()
属性方法
属性变为私有属性,加断言
class Cycle(object):
def __init__(self,x,y,radius):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.radius = radius
@property
def radius(self):
return self.__radius
@radius.setter
def radius(self,radius):
assert radius > 0, "radius must be nonzero and non-negative"
self.__radius = radius
@radius.deleter
def radius(self):
del self.__radius
def __str__(self):
return "({0},{1},{2})".format(self.x,self.y,self.radius)
c = Cycle(1,1,7)
c.radius = 9
print(c)
del c.radius
print(c.radius)
#(1,1,9)
#AttributeError: 'Cycle' object has no attribute '_Cycle__radius'
class Dog(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
self.__food = None
# def eat(self, food):原始方式
# self.__food = food
# print('%s eat %s' %(self.name, food))
@property
def eat(self):
print('%s eat %s' %(self.name,self.__food))
@eat.setter
def eat(self, food):
self.__food = food
@eat.deleter
def eat(self):
del self.__food
print("删完了")
d = Dog("labuladuo")
# d.eat("baozi") #原始方式
d.eat
d.eat = "baozi"
d.eat #调用方式没变,只是改变传入的参数就改变了结果
#可以删除__food属性
del d.eat
d.eat # 报错
'''输出
labuladuo eat None
labuladuo eat baozi
删完了
AttributeError: 'Dog' object has no attribute '_Dog__food'
'''
属性方法应用场景
好吧,把一个方法变成静态属性有什么卵用呢?既然想要静态变量,那直接定义成一个静态变量不就得了么?well, 以后你会需到很多场景是不能简单通过 定义 静态属性来实现的, 比如 ,你想知道一个航班当前的状态,是到达了、延迟了、取消了、还是已经飞走了, 想知道这种状态你必须经历以下几步:
1. 连接航空公司API查询
2. 对查询结果进行解析
3. 返回结果给你的用户
因此这个status属性的值是一系列动作后才得到的结果,所以你每次调用时,其实它都要经过一系列的动作才返回你结果,但这些动作过程不需要用户关心, 用户只需要调用这个属性就可以,明白 了么?
class Flight(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.flight_name = name
def checking_status(self):
print("checking flight %s status " % self.flight_name)
return 1
@property
def flight_status(self):
status = self.checking_status()
if status == 0 :
print("flight got canceled...")
elif status == 1 :
print("flight is arrived...")
elif status == 2:
print("flight has departured already...")
else:
print("cannot confirm the flight status...,please check later")
f = Flight("CA980")
f.flight_status
cool , 那现在我只能查询航班状态, 既然这个flight_status已经是个属性了, 那我能否给它赋值呢?试试吧
f = Flight("CA980")
f.flight_status
f.flight_status = 2
输出为:发现不能更改
checking flight CA980 status
flight is arrived...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/jieli/PycharmProjects/python基础/自动化day7面向对象高级/属性方法.py", line 58, in <module>
f.flight_status = 2
AttributeError: can't set attribute
当然可以改, 不过需要通过@proerty.setter装饰器再装饰一下,此时 你需要写一个新方法, 对这个flight_status进行更改。
class Flight(object):
def __init__(self,name):
self.flight_name = name
def checking_status(self):
print("checking flight %s status " % self.flight_name)
return 1
@property
def flight_status(self):
status = self.checking_status()
if status == 0 :
print("flight got canceled...")
elif status == 1 :
print("flight is arrived...")
elif status == 2:
print("flight has departured already...")
else:
print("cannot confirm the flight status...,please check later")
@flight_status.setter #修改
def flight_status(self,status):
status_dic = {
: "canceled",
:"arrived",
: "departured"
}
print("\033[31;1mHas changed the flight status to \033[0m",status_dic.get(status) )
@flight_status.deleter #删除
def flight_status(self):
print("status got removed...")
f = Flight("CA980")
f.flight_status
f.flight_status = 2 #触发@flight_status.setter
del f.flight_status #触发@flight_status.deleter