简介
关于Graphviz: Graphviz(英文：Graph Visualization Software的缩写)是一个由AT&T实验室启动的开源工具包，用于绘制DOT语言脚本描述的图形。它也提供了供其它软件使用的库。Graphviz是一个自由软件，其授权为Eclipse Public License。其Mac版本曾经获得2004年的苹果设计奖。
Graphviz是大名鼎鼎的贝尔实验室的几位牛人开发的一个画图工具。它的理念和一般的“所见即所得”的画图工具不一样，是“所想即所得”。
Graphviz提供了dot语言来编写绘图脚本。dot的语言专门用来定义关系。我们必须先在某个文件中写上代码，最后调用命令行生成。没有找到可边写边改的集成环境。
关于dot的具体语法参看官方文档，这里就不多说。这里仅用来入门。
http://www.graphviz.org/
另外也有专门渲染DOT脚本的浏览器xdo，直接在窗口渲染，不需要生成图像文件，强烈推荐。
很多图都比较适合用DOT来定义，比如流程图，组织关系图，类图，状态转换图等等。
在刚接触DOT不到3天的时间里，我就分别在代码性能优化，协议栈状态机定义两件事情用到了DOT，感觉非常方便。
性能优化：gprof可以对一个程序运行时进行profiling，生成报告，包括函数调用关系，每个函数被调用的次数，花费的时间。但这个报告是文本的，不够直观。可以通过一个gprof2dot.py脚本，把gprof的输出翻译成一个DOT文件，然后再用Graphviz转成图片或者直接用xdot来查看。
安装graphviz
sudo apt-get install graphviz graphviz-doc
这样会安装dot语言的执行文件，执行文件路径在
/usr/bin/dot
绘图方法
先根据业务需要编写dot文件，参见下面的示例部分，然后编译运行。输出格式可以根据自己的需要来灵活选择
例如test.dot, 产生图片：
dot -Tpng test.dot -o test.png
dot -Tsvg test.dot -o test.svg
dot test.dot -Tpdf -o test.pdf
典型示例(更多例子可以参见官方文档)
1.Fancy Graph
- digraph G {
- edge[fontname="FangSong"];
- node[peripheries=2, fontname="FangSong"];
- size="16, 16";
- main[shape="box"];
- main[label="从这里开始"]
- main->parse[weight=8]
- parse->execute;
- main->init[style=dotted];
- main->cleanup;
- execute->{make_string; printf;}
- edge[color=red];
- init->make_string[label="1000次的感动"];
- main->printf[label="make a \n string"];
-
- node[shape=box,style=filled,color=".7 .3 1.0"];
- execute->compare;
- }
效果图
2.Polygon Graph
- digraph G{
- size = "4, 4"
- a->b->c;
- b->d;
-
- a[shape=polygon, sides=5, peripheries=3, color=lightblue, style=filled];
- c[shape=polygon, sides=4, skew=0.4, label="hello world"];
- d[shape=invtriangle];
- e[shape=polygon, side=4, distortion=.7];
- }
效果图
3.list Graph
- digraph G{
- node[shape=record, height=.1];
- node0[label="<f0> |<f1> G|<f2> "];
- node1[label="<f0> |<f1> E|<f2> "];
- node2[label="<f0> |<f1> B|<f2> "];
- node3[label="<f0> |<f1> F|<f2> "];
- node4[label="<f0> |<f1> R|<f2> "];
- node5[label="<f0> |<f1> H|<f2> "];
- node6[label="<f0> |<f1> Y|<f2> "];
- node7[label="<f0> |<f1> A|<f2> "];
- node8[label="<f0> |<f1> C|<f2> "];
-
- "node0":f2->"node4":f1;
- "node0":f0->"node1":f1;
- "node1":f0->"node2":f1;
- "node1":f2->"node3":f1;
- "node2":f2->"node8":f1;
- "node2":f0->"node7":f1;
- "node4":f2->"node6":f1;
- "node4":f0->"node5":f1;
- }
4.hash table Graph
- digraph G {
- nodesep=.05;
- rankdir=LR;
-
- node[shape=record, width=.1, height=.1];
- node0[label="<f0> |<f1> |<f2> |<f3> |<f4> |<f5> |<f6> |", height=2.5]
- node[width=1.5];
- node1[label="{<n> n14 | 719 |<p>}"];
- node2[label="{<n> a1 | 719 |<p>}"];
- node3[label="{<n> i9 | 512 |<p>}"];
- node4[label="{<n> e5 | 632 |<p>}"];
- node5[label="{<n> t20 | 959 |<p>}"];
- node6[label="{<n> o15 | 794 |<p>}"];
- node7[label="{<n> s19 | 659 |<p>}"];
-
- node0:f0->node1:n;
- node0:f1->node2:n;
- node0:f2->node3:n;
- node0:f5->node4:n;
- node0:f6->node5:n;
- node2:p->node6:n;
- node4:p->node7:n;
- }
5.Process Graph
- digraph G {
- subgraph cluster0 {
- node[style=filled, color=white];
- style=filled;
- color=lightgrey;
- a0->a1->a2->a3;
- label="process #1";
- }
-
- subgraph cluster1 {
- node[style=filled];
- color=blue;
- b0->b1->b2->b3;
- label="process #2";
- }
-
- start->a0;
- start->b0;
- a1->b3;
- b2->a3;
- a3->end;
- b3->end;
-
- start[shape=Mdiamond];
- end[shape=Msquare];
- }
6.directed Graph
- digraph G {
- {a b c} -> {d e f g}
- }
7.化学分子式
- graph s{
- C_0 -- H_0;
- C_0 -- H_1;
- C_0 -- H_2;
- C_0 -- C_1;
- C_1 -- H_3;
- C_1 -- H_4;
- C_1 -- H_5;
- }
8.函数调用关系图
- digraph s {
- node [shape=ellipse, style=filled, color="#40e0d0"];
- edge [color="#606060", penwidth=3];
- main [color=green];
- main -> init[color=blue, label="hello, I'm \llable of edge"];
- main -> mainloop;
- main -> exit;
- init -> a_init;
- init -> b_init;
- init -> c_init;
- mainloop -> select;
- }
这个是有向图(directional graph)， 脚本的第一个词需要换成"digraph"。常用的属性有color, style, shape, penwidth, label等。label中
\r, \l, \n
都表示换行，但对齐方式分别是
右对齐，左对齐，居中
。
9.ATS中插件collapsed_connection的流程图，一个更复杂的例子
- digraph collapsed_connection {
- accept -> TS_HTTP_POST_REMAP_HOOK;
- TS_HTTP_POST_REMAP_HOOK -> "check request method (and header)";
-
- "check request method (and header)" -> "get CacheUrl hash_key using MurmurHash3" [label = "GET request (required_header present)"];
- "check request method (and header)" -> "pass request" [label = "others"];
- "get CacheUrl hash_key using MurmurHash3" -> "check hash_key from hashTable";
- "check hash_key from hashTable" -> "lock URL in hashTable" [label = "not found"];
- "check hash_key from hashTable" -> "pass request" [label = "found, but marked pass"];
- "check hash_key from hashTable" -> "check hash_key from hashTable" [label = "locked or unable to get mutex, wait insert_lock_retry_time"];
- "lock URL in hashTable" -> TS_HTTP_CACHE_LOOKUP_COMPLETE_HOOK;
- TS_HTTP_CACHE_LOOKUP_COMPLETE_HOOK -> "remove URL from hashTable(1)" [label = "hit_fresh or skipped"];
- TS_HTTP_CACHE_LOOKUP_COMPLETE_HOOK -> "request origin server" [label = "miss or stale"];
- "request origin server" -> TS_HTTP_READ_RESPONSE_HDR_HOOK;
- TS_HTTP_READ_RESPONSE_HDR_HOOK -> "remove URL from hashTable(1)" [label = "not 200/OK response"];
- TS_HTTP_READ_RESPONSE_HDR_HOOK -> "check read_while_writer config";
- "check read_while_writer config" -> "remove URL from hashTable(1)" [label = "enabled"];
- "check read_while_writer config" -> TS_HTTP_TXN_CLOSE_HOOK [label = "disabled"];
- TS_HTTP_READ_RESPONSE_HDR_HOOK -> "mark pass in hashTable" [label = "non-cacheable"];
- "remove URL from hashTable(1)" -> TS_HTTP_TXN_CLOSE_HOOK;
- "mark pass in hashTable" -> TS_HTTP_TXN_CLOSE_HOOK;
- "pass request" -> TS_HTTP_TXN_CLOSE_HOOK;
- TS_HTTP_TXN_CLOSE_HOOK -> "remove URL from hashTable(2)";
- TS_HTTP_TXN_CLOSE_HOOK -> "check keep_pass_record_time" [label = "non-cacheable"];
- "check keep_pass_record_time" -> "add into KeepPassList" [label = "> 0"];
- "check keep_pass_record_time" -> "remove URL from hashTable(2)" [label = "= 0"];
- "add into KeepPassList" -> "transaction close";
- "remove URL from hashTable(2)" -> "transaction close";
- "transaction close" -> accept;
-
- TS_HTTP_POST_REMAP_HOOK [shape = box];
- TS_HTTP_CACHE_LOOKUP_COMPLETE_HOOK[shape = box];
- TS_HTTP_READ_RESPONSE_HDR_HOOK [shape = box];
- TS_HTTP_TXN_CLOSE_HOOK [shape = box];
-
- "check request method (and header)" [shape = diamond];
- "check hash_key from hashTable" [shape = diamond];
- "check read_while_writer config" [shape = diamond];
- "check keep_pass_record_time" [shape = diamond];
- }
注意事项
1.中文乱码
graphviz默认情况下对中文支持不好，如果代码中有中文，则必须使用UTF-8的格式保存文件，并且在代码中指定字体。
进一步深究可以查看官方文档
http://www.graphviz.org/Documentation.PHP
下面给出几个颇具震撼力的效果图，来自官网文档
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