装饰者模式(Decorator Pattern)允许向一个现有的对象添加新的功能,同时又不改变其结构。这种类型的设计模式属于结构型模式,它是作为现有的类的一个包装。
这种模式创建了一个装饰类,用来包装原有的类,并在保持类方法签名完整性的前提下,提供了额外的功能。
我们通过下面的实例来演示装饰器模式的用法。其中,我们将把一个形状装饰上不同的颜色,同时又不改变形状类。
优点:装饰类和被装饰类可以独立发展,不会相互耦合,装饰模式是继承的一个替代模式,装饰模式可以动态扩展一个实现类的功能。
缺点:多层装饰比较复杂。
一个更易理解的实例:
装饰模式为已有类动态附加额外的功能就像LOL、王者荣耀等类Dota游戏中,英雄升级一样。每次英雄升级都会附加一个额外技能点学习技能。具体的英雄就是ConcreteComponent,技能栏就是装饰器Decorator,每个技能就是ConcreteDecorator;
(重点,一个被装饰得对象的借口是被具体对象和装饰器抽象类所实现的,而具体的装饰器是继承装饰器抽象类的)
这个呢是四个技能当作装饰器修饰一个具体英雄盲僧:
//Component 英雄接口
public interface Hero {
//学习技能
void learnSkills();
}
//ConcreteComponent 具体英雄盲僧
public class BlindMonk implements Hero {
private String name;
public BlindMonk(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public void learnSkills() {
System.out.println(name + "学习了以上技能!");
}
}
//Decorator 技能栏
public class Skills implements Hero{
//持有一个英雄对象接口
private Hero hero;
public Skills(Hero hero) {
this.hero = hero;
}
@Override
public void learnSkills() {
if(hero != null)
hero.learnSkills();
}
}
//ConreteDecorator 技能:Q
public class Skill_Q extends Skills{
private String skillName;
public Skill_Q(Hero hero,String skillName) {
super(hero);
this.skillName = skillName;
}
@Override
public void learnSkills() {
System.out.println("学习了技能Q:" +skillName);
super.learnSkills();
}
}
//ConreteDecorator 技能:W
public class Skill_W extends Skills{
private String skillName;
public Skill_W(Hero hero,String skillName) {
super(hero);
this.skillName = skillName;
}
@Override
public void learnSkills() {
System.out.println("学习了技能W:" + skillName);
super.learnSkills();
}
}
//ConreteDecorator 技能:E
public class Skill_E extends Skills{
private String skillName;
public Skill_E(Hero hero,String skillName) {
super(hero);
this.skillName = skillName;
}
@Override
public void learnSkills() {
System.out.println("学习了技能E:"+skillName);
super.learnSkills();
}
}
//ConreteDecorator 技能:R
public class Skill_R extends Skills{
private String skillName;
public Skill_R(Hero hero,String skillName) {
super(hero);
this.skillName = skillName;
}
@Override
public void learnSkills() {
System.out.println("学习了技能R:" +skillName );
super.learnSkills();
}
}
//客户端:召唤师
public class Player {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//选择英雄
Hero hero = new BlindMonk("李青");
Skills skills = new Skills(hero);
Skills r = new Skill_R(skills,"猛龙摆尾");
Skills e = new Skill_E(r,"天雷破/摧筋断骨");
Skills w = new Skill_W(e,"金钟罩/铁布衫");
Skills q = new Skill_Q(w,"天音波/回音击");
//学习技能
q.learnSkills();
}
}
还有一个更加容易理解的例子:
6、示例:
装饰者基类
1 package com.xinye.test.decoration;
2 /**
3 * 食物基类
4 * @author xinye
5 *
6 */
7 public abstract class Food {
8
9 protected String desc;
10
11 public abstract String getDesc();
12 }
鸡肉
1 package com.xinye.test.decoration;
2 /**
3 * 鸡肉
4 * @author xinye
5 *
6 */
7 public class Chicken extends Food {
8 public Chicken(){
9 desc = "鸡肉";
10 }
11 @Override
12 public String getDesc() {
13 return desc;
14 }
15
16 }
鸭肉
1 package com.xinye.test.decoration;
2 /**
3 * 鸭肉
4 * @author xinye
5 *
6 */
7 public class Duck extends Food {
8 public Duck(){
9 desc = "鸭肉";
10 }
11 @Override
12 public String getDesc() {
13 return desc;
14 }
15
16 }
装饰者基类
1 package com.xinye.test.decoration;
2 /**
3 *
4 * @author xinye
5 *
6 */
7 public abstract class FoodDecoration extends Food {
8
9 @Override
10 public abstract String getDesc();
11
12 }
蒸-装饰者
1 package com.xinye.test.decoration;
2 /**
3 * 蒸食物
4 * @author xinye
5 *
6 */
7 public class SteamedFood extends FoodDecoration {
8
9 private Food food;
10
11 public SteamedFood(Food f){
12 this.food = f;
13 }
14
15 @Override
16 public String getDesc() {
17 return getDecoration() + food.getDesc();
18 }
19
20 private String getDecoration(){
21 return "蒸";
22 }
23 }
烤-装饰者
1 package com.xinye.test.decoration;
2 /**
3 * 烤食物
4 * @author xinye
5 *
6 */
7 public class RoastFood extends FoodDecoration {
8
9 private Food food;
10
11 public RoastFood(Food f){
12 this.food = f;
13 }
14
15 @Override
16 public String getDesc() {
17 return getDecoration() + food.getDesc();
18 }
19
20 private String getDecoration(){
21 return "烤";
22 }
23 }
客户端
1 package com.xinye.test.decoration;
2 /**
3 * 客户端
4 * @author xinye
5 *
6 */
7 public class Client {
8 public static void main(String[] args) {
9 // 测试单纯的食物
10 Food f1 = new Chicken();
11 System.out.println(f1.getDesc());
12
13 System.out.println("----------------------");
14 // 测试单重修饰的食物
15 RoastFood rf = new RoastFood(f1);
16 System.out.println(rf.getDesc());
17
18 System.out.println("----------------------");
19 // 测试多重修饰的食物
20 SteamedFood sf = new SteamedFood(rf);
21 System.out.println(sf.getDesc());
22 }
23 }