翻译：测试成熟度模型集成（TMMi）（2）

1.3 Sources
1.3 起源
The development of the TMMi has used the TMM3 framework as developed by the Illinois Institute of Technology as one of its major sources [Burnstein]. In
TMMi的发展是以美国伊利诺伊理工学院开发的TMM框架为主要的来源。
addition to the TMM, it was largely guided by the work done on the Capability Maturity Model Integration
(CMMI), a process improvement model that has
除了TMM，它也借鉴了能力成熟度模型集成（CMMi），后者是一种IT业界有着广泛支持的过程改进模型。
widespread support in the IT industry. The CMMI has both a staged and continuous representation. Within the
staged representation the CMMI architecture
CMMI既是分阶段的也是持续的表述。
prescribes the stages that an organization must proceed through in an orderly fashion to improve its
development process. Within the continuous
对于阶段表述，CMMI架构规定了各个阶段，组织必须顺序的执行它的阶段以提高它的发展过程。
representation there is no fixed level set of levels or stages to proceed through. An organization applying
the continuous representation can select areas
对于持续表述，没有固定的级别或者阶段去通过，一个组织可以从不同的类别选择区域去做改进。
 for improvement from many different categories. The TMMi has been developed as a staged model. The staged
model uses predefined sets of process areas to
TMMi被开发成一个阶段模型，它使用预定义的多套过程域定义组织的发展路线。
 define an improvement path for an organization. This improvement path is described by a model component
called a maturity level. A maturity level is a well
这种发展路线被描绘成一种模型成分，称为成熟度级别。成熟度级别又被定义成进化水平，以完成改良组织过程。
defined evolutionary plateau towards achieving improved organizational processes. At a later stage a
continuous representation of the TMMi may become
在后来的一个阶段TMMi的持续表述才变得可用。
available. This will most likely not influence the content of the TMMi. It will ‘only’ provide a different
structure and representation.
它不会影响TMMi的内容，它仅仅提供了不用的结构和表述。
Other sources to the TMMi development include the Gelperin and Hetzel’s Evolution of Testing Model
[Gelperin and Hetzel], which describes the evolution of the testing process over a 40-year period, Beizer’s
testing model, which describes the evolution of the individual tester’s thinking [Beizer], research on the
TMM carried out in the EUfunded MB-TMM project, and international testing standards, e.g. IEEE 829 Standard for Software Test Documentation [IEEE 829]. The testing terminology used in the TMMi is derived from the ISTQB Standard Glossary of terms used in Software Testing [ISTQB].
促进TMMi发展的其它来源还包括Gelperin和Hetzel的测试模型的演化，它描述了过去40年间的测试过程的演化; 还有

Beizer的测试模型，它描述了单个测试人员的想法的演化; 有EUfunded MB-TMM项目中对TMM的研究；还有国际测试组织，

如IEEE829标准中的软件测试文档[IEEE829]。在TMMi使用的测试术语来自ISTQB组织软件测试方面的标准条款术语。
1 TMMi is a registered trademark of the TMMi Foundation
1 TMMi是TMMi组织的注册商标
2 CMM and CMMI are registered trademarks of Carnegie Mellon University
2 CMM和CMMI是Carnegie Mellon大学的注册商标
3 TMM is a registered service mark of Illinois Institute of Technology
3 TMM是Illionis理工学院的注册服务标记
As stated for defining the maturity levels, the evolutionary testing model of Gelperin and Hetzel has

served as a foundation for historical-level differentiation in the TMMi. The Gelperin and Hetzel model

describes phases and test goals for the 1950s through the 1990s. The initial period is described as

“debugging oriented”, during which most software development organizations had not clearly differentiated

between testing and debugging. Testing was an ad-hoc activity associated with debugging to remove bugs from

programs. Testing has, according to Gelperin and Hetzel, since progressed to a “prevention-oriented”

period, which is associated with current best practices and reflects the highest maturity level of the

TMMi. Furthermore, various industrial best-practices, practical experience using the TMM and testing

surveys have contributed to the TMMi development providing it with its necessary empirical foundation and

required level of practicality. They illustrate the current best and worst testing practices in the IT

industry, and have allowed the developers of the TMMi framework to extract realistic benchmarks by which to

evaluate and improve testing practices.
至于确定成熟度等级所述，Gelperin和Hetzel的进化测试模型担任一个历史级的TMMi区别的基础。，Gelperin和Hetzel模

型描述了1950年代到1990年代的阶段和测试目标。初始的时期被描述成面向调试的，在这个时期大多数的软件开发组织不

清楚测试和调试的区别。测试是个模糊的活动，它跟调试一起是用来从程序中去除错误的。根据Gelperin和Hetzel，测试

已经进入面向预防时期，联系到最好的练习以及反映了TMMi最成熟的水平。而且，各种各样的工业界使用TMM的最佳练习和

实践经验为TMMi的发展提供了必要的实验基础和实用性水平。他们阐明了当前在IT工业界最好和最差的测试实践，它也允

许TMMi框架的开发者提取实际的基准以评估和改善测试实践。
1.4 Scope of the TMMi
1.4 TMMi的领域
1.4.1 Software and System Engineering
1.4.1 软件和系统工程
The TMMi is intended to support testing activities and test process improvement in both the systems

engineering and software engineering discipline. Systems engineering covers the development of total

systems, which may or may not include software. Software engineering covers the development of software

systems.
TMMi打算在系统工程和软件工程学科支持测试活动和测试过程改善。系统工程涵盖了整个系统的发展，它可以包括也可能

不包括软件。软件工程涵盖了软件系统的发展。
1.4.2 Test levels
1.4.2 测试级别
Whereas some models for test process improvement focus mainly on high-level testing, e.g. TPI [Koomen and

Pol] or address only one aspect of structured testing e.g. the test organization, The TMMi addresses all

test levels(including static testing) and aspects of structured testing. With respect to dynamic testing,

both low-level testing and high-level testing are within the scope of the TMMi. Studying the model more in

detail one will learn that the model addresses all four cornerstones for structured testing (lifecycle,

techniques, infrastructure and organization)[TMap].
其他模型在测试过程改良方面主要致力于高级别的测试，如TPI[Koomen and Pol];或者仅仅定位结构测试的某一个方面，

如测试机构。TMMi定位多个测试水平（包括静态测试）和结构测试的各个方面。至于动态测试，低级测试和高级测试都是

TMMi的目标。研究TMMi细节越多，有一个问题必须了解，这种模型定位了结构测试的4项基石（生命周期，技能，基础结构

和组织）[TMap]。
1.4.3 TMMi and CMMI
1.4.3 TMMi和CMMI
It is also important to note that TMMi is positioned as a complementary model to the CMMI. In many cases a

given TMMi level needs specific support from process areas at its corresponding CMMI level or from lower

CMMI levels.In exceptional cases there is even a relationship to higher CMMI levels. Process areas and

practices that are elaborated within the CMMI are mostly not repeated within TMMi; they are only

referenced. For example the process area configuration management, which is of course also applicable to

test (work) products / test ware, is not elaborated upon in detail within the TMMi; the practices from CMMI

are referenced and implicitly re-used.
另外需要注意的是TMMi的定位是作为CMMI的互补模型。在很多情况下一个给定的TMMi级别需要它相关的CMMI级别或比它低

的CMMI级别的过程域特定支持。有些情况下甚至跟高级别CMMI有关联。在CMMI中被详尽说明的过程域和实践没有在TMMi中

被重复，他们仅仅作为参考。举例来说，过程域配置管理，它当然是适合测试产品的，但是没有在TMMi中详细说明；CMMI

中的实践被引用和含蓄的重用。
1.4.4 Assessments
1.4.4 评定
Many organizations find value in benchmarking their progress in test process improvement for both internal

purposes and for external customers and suppliers. Test process assessments focus on identifying

improvement opportunities and understanding the organization’s position relative to the selected model or

standard. The TMMi provides an excellent reference model to be used during such assessments. Assessment

teams use TMMi to guide their identification and prioritization of findings. These findings with guidance

of TMMi practices are used to plan improvements for the organization. The assessment framework itself is

not part of the TMMi. Requirements for TMMi assessments are described by the TMMi Foundation in a separate

document to be found at www.TMMiFoundation.org. These requirements are based upon the ISO 15504 standard.

The achievement of a specific maturity level must mean the same thing for different assessed organizations.

Rules for ensuring this consistency are contained in the TMMi assessment method requirements. The TMMi

assessment method requirements contain guidelines for various classes of assessments, e.g. formal

assessments, quick-scans and self-assessments.
许多组织发现了基准为内部目的和对外部客户和供应商在测试过程改进的价值。测试过程中的评估重点是确定改进的机会

和了解该组织的立场相对于选定的模式或标准。该TMMi为进行这种评估提供了一个很好的参考模型。评估小组使用TMMi指

导自己的鉴定和调查结果的优先次序。用TMMi做法指导的这些研究结果被用来为组织改进计划。评估框架本身不是TMMi的

一部分。TMMi评估需求被描述成在一个单独的文件，你可以在www.TMMiFoundation.org找到。这些需求是基于ISO 15504标

准。一个特定的成熟度级别的成就对不同的评估机构来说是一样的。确保这种一致性的规则包含在TMMi评估方法的要求中

。该TMMi评估方法的要求包含了各种类别的评估，例如，准则正式的评估，快速扫描和自我评估。
1.4.5 Improvement Approach
1.4.5 改善的方法
The TMMi provide a full framework to be used as a reference model during test process improvement. It does

not provide an approach for test process improvement such as the IDEAL4 (Initiating, Diagnosing,

Establishing, Acting,And Learning) model. Practical experiences have shown that the most powerful initial

step to test process improvement is to build strong organizational sponsorship before investing in test

process assessments. Given sufficient senior management sponsorship, establishing a specific, technically

competent test process group that represents relevant stakeholders to guide test process improvement

efforts had proved to be an effective approach. More information about the IDEAL model can be found at

www.sei.cmu.edu/ideal/ideal.html
TMMi提供了完整的框架作为测试过程改进的参考模型。它并不提供测试过程改进的方法如IDEAL4模型(初始化，诊断，建立

，行动和学习)。实际经验表明测试过程改进最强有力的初始化步骤是在投资测试过程评估之前建立强有力的组织任务。给

予充分的高级管理任务，建立详细的技术强的测试过程组，它描述相关的股东指引过程提高的努力，被证明是有效的方法

。关于IDEAL模型的更多信息能在www.sei.cmu.edu/ideal/ideal.html上找到。
IDEAL is a registered service mark of Carnegie Mellon University
IDEAL是Carnegie Mellon 大学的注册服务标记