如何配置mysql数据库的主从?
单机配置MySQL主从:http://my.oschina.net/god/blog/496
常见的解决数据库读写分离有两种方案
1、应用层
http://neoremind.net/2011/06/spring实现数据库读写分离
目前的一些解决方案需要在程序中手动指定数据源,比较麻烦,后边我会通过AOP思想来解决这个问题。
2、中间件
mysql-proxy:http://hi.baidu.com/geshuai2008/item/0ded5389c685645f850fab07
Amoeba for MySQL:http://www.iteye.com/topic/188598和http://www.iteye.com/topic/1113437
此处我们介绍一种在应用层的解决方案,通过spring动态数据源和AOP来解决数据库的读写分离。
该方案目前已经在一个互联网项目中使用了,而且可以很好的工作。
该方案目前支持
一读多写;当写时默认读操作到写库、当写时强制读操作到读库。
考虑未来支持
读库负载均衡、读库故障转移等。
使用场景
不想引入中间件,想在应用层解决读写分离,可以考虑这个方案;
建议数据访问层使用jdbc、ibatis,不建议hibernate。
优势
应用层解决,不引入额外中间件;
在应用层支持『当写时默认读操作到写库』,这样如果我们采用这种方案,在写操作后读数据直接从写库拿,不会产生数据复制的延迟问题;
应用层解决读写分离,理论支持任意数据库。
缺点
1、不支持@Transactional注解事务,此方案要求所有读方法必须是read-only=true,因此如果是@Transactional,这样就要求在每一个读方法头上加@Transactional 且readOnly属性=true,相当麻烦。 :oops:
2、必须按照配置约定进行配置,不够灵活。
两种方案
方案1:当只有读操作的时候,直接操作读库(从库);
当在写事务(即写主库)中读时,也是读主库(即参与到主库操作),这样的优势是可以防止写完后可能读不到刚才写的数据;
此方案其实是使用事务传播行为为:SUPPORTS解决的。
方案2:当只有读操作的时候,直接操作读库(从库);
当在写事务(即写主库)中读时,强制走从库,即先暂停写事务,开启读(读从库),然后恢复写事务。
此方案其实是使用事务传播行为为:NOT_SUPPORTS解决的。
核心组件
cn.javass.common.datasource.ReadWriteDataSource:读写分离的动态数据源,类似于AbstractRoutingDataSource,具体参考javadoc;
cn.javass.common.datasource.ReadWriteDataSourceDecision:读写库选择的决策者,具体参考javadoc;
cn.javass.common.datasource.ReadWriteDataSourceProcessor:此类实现了两个职责(为了减少类的数量将两个功能合并到一起了):读/写动态数据库选择处理器、通过AOP切面实现读/写选择,具体参考javadoc。
具体配置
1、数据源配置
1.1、写库配置
1.2、读库配置
- <bean id="readDataSource1" class="org.logicalcobwebs.proxool.ProxoolDataSource">
- <property name="alias" value="readDataSource"/>
- <property name="driver" value="${read.connection.driver_class}" />
- <property name="driverUrl" value="${read.connection.url}" />
- <property name="user" value="${read.connection.username}" />
- <property name="password" value="${read.connection.password}" />
- <property name="maximumConnectionCount" value="${read.proxool.maximum.connection.count}"/>
- <property name="minimumConnectionCount" value="${read.proxool.minimum.connection.count}" />
- <property name="statistics" value="${read.proxool.statistics}" />
- <property name="simultaneousBuildThrottle" value="${read.proxool.simultaneous.build.throttle}"/>
- </bean>
1.3、读写动态库配置
通过writeDataSource指定写库,通过readDataSourceMap指定从库列表,从库列表默认通过顺序轮询来使用读库,具体参考javadoc;
- <bean id="readWriteDataSource" class="cn.javass.common.datasource.ReadWriteDataSource">
- <property name="writeDataSource" ref="writeDataSource"/>
- <property name="readDataSourceMap">
- <map>
- <entry key="readDataSource1" value-ref="readDataSource1"/>
- <entry key="readDataSource2" value-ref="readDataSource1"/>
- <entry key="readDataSource3" value-ref="readDataSource1"/>
- <entry key="readDataSource4" value-ref="readDataSource1"/>
- </map>
- </property>
- </bean>
2、XML事务属性配置
所以读方法必须是read-only(必须,以此来判断是否是读方法)。
- <tx:advice id="txAdvice" transaction-manager="txManager">
- <tx:attributes>
- <tx:method name="save*" propagation="REQUIRED" />
- <tx:method name="add*" propagation="REQUIRED" />
- <tx:method name="create*" propagation="REQUIRED" />
- <tx:method name="insert*" propagation="REQUIRED" />
- <tx:method name="update*" propagation="REQUIRED" />
- <tx:method name="merge*" propagation="REQUIRED" />
- <tx:method name="del*" propagation="REQUIRED" />
- <tx:method name="remove*" propagation="REQUIRED" />
- <tx:method name="put*" read-only="true"/>
- <tx:method name="query*" read-only="true"/>
- <tx:method name="use*" read-only="true"/>
- <tx:method name="get*" read-only="true" />
- <tx:method name="count*" read-only="true" />
- <tx:method name="find*" read-only="true" />
- <tx:method name="list*" read-only="true" />
- <tx:method name="*" propagation="REQUIRED"/>
- </tx:attributes>
- </tx:advice>
3、事务管理器
事务管理器管理的是readWriteDataSource
- <bean id="txManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
- <property name="dataSource" ref="readWriteDataSource"/>
- </bean>
4、读/写动态数据库选择处理器
根据之前的txAdvice配置的事务属性决定是读/写,具体参考javadoc;
forceChoiceReadWhenWrite:用于确定在如果目前是写(即开启了事务),下一步如果是读,是直接参与到写库进行读,还是强制从读库读,具体参考javadoc;
- <bean id="readWriteDataSourceTransactionProcessor" class="cn.javass.common.datasource.ReadWriteDataSourceProcessor">
- <property name="forceChoiceReadWhenWrite" value="false"/>
- </bean>
5、事务切面和读/写库选择切面
- <aop:config expose-proxy="true">
- <!-- 只对业务逻辑层实施事务 -->
- <aop:pointcut id="txPointcut" expression="execution(* cn.javass..service..*.*(..))" />
- <aop:advisor advice-ref="txAdvice" pointcut-ref="txPointcut"/>
- <!-- 通过AOP切面实现读/写库选择 -->
- <aop:aspect order="-2147483648" ref="readWriteDataSourceTransactionProcessor">
- <aop:around pointcut-ref="txPointcut" method="determineReadOrWriteDB"/>
- </aop:aspect>
- </aop:config>
1、事务切面一般横切业务逻辑层;
2、此处我们使用readWriteDataSourceTransactionProcessor的通过AOP切面实现读/写库选择功能,order=Integer.MIN_VALUE(即最高的优先级),从而保证在操作事务之前已经决定了使用读/写库。
6、测试用例
只要配置好事务属性(通过read-only=true指定读方法)即可,其他选择读/写库的操作都交给readWriteDataSourceTransactionProcessor完成。
可以参考附件的:
cn.javass.readwrite.ReadWriteDBTestWithForceChoiceReadOnWriteFalse
cn.javass.readwrite.ReadWriteDBTestWithNoForceChoiceReadOnWriteTrue
- package cn.javass.common.datasource;
- import java.sql.Connection;
- import java.sql.SQLException;
- import java.util.Map;
- import java.util.Map.Entry;
- import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
- import javax.sql.DataSource;
- import org.slf4j.Logger;
- import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
- import org.springframework.beans.factory.InitializingBean;
- import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.AbstractDataSource;
- import org.springframework.util.CollectionUtils;
- /**
- *
- * <pre>
- * 读/写动态选择数据库实现
- * 目前实现功能
- * 一写库多读库选择功能,请参考
- * @see cn.javass.common.datasource.ReadWriteDataSourceDecision
- @see cn.javass.common.datasource.ReadWriteDataSourceDecision.DataSourceType
- *
- * 默认按顺序轮询使用读库
- * 默认选择写库
- *
- * 已实现:一写多读、当写时默认读操作到写库、当写时强制读操作到读库
- * TODO 读库负载均衡、读库故障转移
- * </pre>
- * @author Zhang Kaitao
- *
- */
- public class ReadWriteDataSource extends AbstractDataSource implements InitializingBean {
- private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ReadWriteDataSource.class);
- private DataSource writeDataSource;
- private Map<String, DataSource> readDataSourceMap;
- private String[] readDataSourceNames;
- private DataSource[] readDataSources;
- private int readDataSourceCount;
- private AtomicInteger counter = new AtomicInteger(1);
- /**
- * 设置读库(name, DataSource)
- * @param readDataSourceMap
- */
- public void setReadDataSourceMap(Map<String, DataSource> readDataSourceMap) {
- this.readDataSourceMap = readDataSourceMap;
- }
- public void setWriteDataSource(DataSource writeDataSource) {
- this.writeDataSource = writeDataSource;
- }
- @Override
- public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
- if(writeDataSource == null) {
- throw new IllegalArgumentException("property 'writeDataSource' is required");
- }
- if(CollectionUtils.isEmpty(readDataSourceMap)) {
- throw new IllegalArgumentException("property 'readDataSourceMap' is required");
- }
- readDataSourceCount = readDataSourceMap.size();
- readDataSources = new DataSource[readDataSourceCount];
- readDataSourceNames = new String[readDataSourceCount];
- int i = 0;
- for(Entry<String, DataSource> e : readDataSourceMap.entrySet()) {
- readDataSources[i] = e.getValue();
- readDataSourceNames[i] = e.getKey();
- i++;
- }
- }
- private DataSource determineDataSource() {
- if(ReadWriteDataSourceDecision.isChoiceWrite()) {
- log.debug("current determine write datasource");
- return writeDataSource;
- }
- if(ReadWriteDataSourceDecision.isChoiceNone()) {
- log.debug("no choice read/write, default determine write datasource");
- return writeDataSource;
- }
- return determineReadDataSource();
- }
- private DataSource determineReadDataSource() {
- //按照顺序选择读库
- //TODO 算法改进
- int index = counter.incrementAndGet() % readDataSourceCount;
- if(index < 0) {
- index = - index;
- }
- String dataSourceName = readDataSourceNames[index];
- log.debug("current determine read datasource : {}", dataSourceName);
- return readDataSources[index];
- }
- @Override
- public Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {
- return determineDataSource().getConnection();
- }
- @Override
- public Connection getConnection(String username, String password) throws SQLException {
- return determineDataSource().getConnection(username, password);
- }
- }
- package cn.javass.common.datasource;
- /**
- * <pre>
- * 读/写动态数据库 决策者
- * 根据DataSourceType是write/read 来决定是使用读/写数据库
- * 通过ThreadLocal绑定实现选择功能
- * </pre>
- * @author Zhang Kaitao
- *
- */
- public class ReadWriteDataSourceDecision {
- public enum DataSourceType {
- write, read;
- }
- private static final ThreadLocal<DataSourceType> holder = new ThreadLocal<DataSourceType>();
- public static void markWrite() {
- holder.set(DataSourceType.write);
- }
- public static void markRead() {
- holder.set(DataSourceType.read);
- }
- public static void reset() {
- holder.set(null);
- }
- public static boolean isChoiceNone() {
- return null == holder.get();
- }
- public static boolean isChoiceWrite() {
- return DataSourceType.write == holder.get();
- }
- public static boolean isChoiceRead() {
- return DataSourceType.read == holder.get();
- }
- }
- package cn.javass.common.datasource;
- import java.lang.reflect.Field;
- import java.util.HashMap;
- import java.util.Map;
- import java.util.Map.Entry;
- import org.aspectj.lang.ProceedingJoinPoint;
- import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Around;
- import org.slf4j.Logger;
- import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
- import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
- import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor;
- import org.springframework.core.NestedRuntimeException;
- import org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.lookup.AbstractRoutingDataSource;
- import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Propagation;
- import org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.NameMatchTransactionAttributeSource;
- import org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.RuleBasedTransactionAttribute;
- import org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAttribute;
- import org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor;
- import org.springframework.util.PatternMatchUtils;
- import org.springframework.util.ReflectionUtils;
- /**
- *
- *
- * <pre>
- *
- * 此类实现了两个职责(为了减少类的数量将两个功能合并到一起了):
- * 读/写动态数据库选择处理器
- * 通过AOP切面实现读/写选择
- *
- *
- * ★★读/写动态数据库选择处理器★★
- * 1、首先读取<tx:advice>事务属性配置
- *
- * 2、对于所有读方法设置 read-only="true" 表示读取操作(以此来判断是选择读还是写库),其他操作都是走写库
- * 如<tx:method name="×××" read-only="true"/>
- *
- * 3、 forceChoiceReadOnWrite用于确定在如果目前是写(即开启了事务),下一步如果是读,
- * 是直接参与到写库进行读,还是强制从读库读<br/>
- * forceChoiceReadOnWrite:true 表示目前是写,下一步如果是读,强制参与到写事务(即从写库读)
- * 这样可以避免写的时候从读库读不到数据
- *
- * 通过设置事务传播行为:SUPPORTS实现
- *
- * forceChoiceReadOnWrite:false 表示不管当前事务是写/读,都强制从读库获取数据
- * 通过设置事务传播行为:NOT_SUPPORTS实现(连接是尽快释放)
- * 『此处借助了 NOT_SUPPORTS会挂起之前的事务进行操作 然后再恢复之前事务完成的』
- * 4、配置方式
- * <bean id="readWriteDataSourceTransactionProcessor" class="cn.javass.common.datasource.ReadWriteDataSourceProcessor">
- * <property name="forceChoiceReadWhenWrite" value="false"/>
- * </bean>
- *
- * 5、目前只适用于<tx:advice>情况 TODO 支持@Transactional注解事务
- *
- *
- *
- * ★★通过AOP切面实现读/写库选择★★
- *
- * 1、首先将当前方法 与 根据之前【读/写动态数据库选择处理器】 提取的读库方法 进行匹配
- *
- * 2、如果匹配,说明是读取数据:
- * 2.1、如果forceChoiceReadOnWrite:true,即强制走读库
- * 2.2、如果之前是写操作且forceChoiceReadOnWrite:false,将从写库进行读取
- * 2.3、否则,到读库进行读取数据
- *
- * 3、如果不匹配,说明默认将使用写库进行操作
- *
- * 4、配置方式
- * <aop:aspect order="-2147483648" ref="readWriteDataSourceTransactionProcessor">
- * <aop:around pointcut-ref="txPointcut" method="determineReadOrWriteDB"/>
- * </aop:aspect>
- * 4.1、此处order = Integer.MIN_VALUE 即最高的优先级(请参考http://jinnianshilongnian.iteye.com/blog/1423489)
- * 4.2、切入点:txPointcut 和 实施事务的切入点一样
- * 4.3、determineReadOrWriteDB方法用于决策是走读/写库的,请参考
- * @see cn.javass.common.datasource.ReadWriteDataSourceDecision
- * @see cn.javass.common.datasource.ReadWriteDataSource
- *
- * </pre>
- * @author Zhang Kaitao
- *
- */
- public class ReadWriteDataSourceProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {
- private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ReadWriteDataSourceProcessor.class);
- private boolean forceChoiceReadWhenWrite = false;
- private Map<String, Boolean> readMethodMap = new HashMap<String, Boolean>();
- /**
- * 当之前操作是写的时候,是否强制从从库读
- * 默认(false) 当之前操作是写,默认强制从写库读
- * @param forceReadOnWrite
- */
- public void setForceChoiceReadWhenWrite(boolean forceChoiceReadWhenWrite) {
- this.forceChoiceReadWhenWrite = forceChoiceReadWhenWrite;
- }
- @Override
- public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
- if(!(bean instanceof NameMatchTransactionAttributeSource)) {
- return bean;
- }
- try {
- NameMatchTransactionAttributeSource transactionAttributeSource = (NameMatchTransactionAttributeSource)bean;
- Field nameMapField = ReflectionUtils.findField(NameMatchTransactionAttributeSource.class, "nameMap");
- nameMapField.setAccessible(true);
- Map<String, TransactionAttribute> nameMap = (Map<String, TransactionAttribute>) nameMapField.get(transactionAttributeSource);
- for(Entry<String, TransactionAttribute> entry : nameMap.entrySet()) {
- RuleBasedTransactionAttribute attr = (RuleBasedTransactionAttribute)entry.getValue();
- //仅对read-only的处理
- if(!attr.isReadOnly()) {
- continue;
- }
- String methodName = entry.getKey();
- Boolean isForceChoiceRead = Boolean.FALSE;
- if(forceChoiceReadWhenWrite) {
- //不管之前操作是写,默认强制从读库读 (设置为NOT_SUPPORTED即可)
- //NOT_SUPPORTED会挂起之前的事务
- attr.setPropagationBehavior(Propagation.NOT_SUPPORTED.value());
- isForceChoiceRead = Boolean.TRUE;
- } else {
- //否则 设置为SUPPORTS(这样可以参与到写事务)
- attr.setPropagationBehavior(Propagation.SUPPORTS.value());
- }
- log.debug("read/write transaction process method:{} force read:{}", methodName, isForceChoiceRead);
- readMethodMap.put(methodName, isForceChoiceRead);
- }
- } catch (Exception e) {
- throw new ReadWriteDataSourceTransactionException("process read/write transaction error", e);
- }
- return bean;
- }
- @Override
- public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
- return bean;
- }
- private class ReadWriteDataSourceTransactionException extends NestedRuntimeException {
- public ReadWriteDataSourceTransactionException(String message, Throwable cause) {
- super(message, cause);
- }
- }
- public Object determineReadOrWriteDB(ProceedingJoinPoint pjp) throws Throwable {
- if (isChoiceReadDB(pjp.getSignature().getName())) {
- ReadWriteDataSourceDecision.markRead();
- } else {
- ReadWriteDataSourceDecision.markWrite();
- }
- try {
- return pjp.proceed();
- } finally {
- ReadWriteDataSourceDecision.reset();
- }
- }
- private boolean isChoiceReadDB(String methodName) {
- String bestNameMatch = null;
- for (String mappedName : this.readMethodMap.keySet()) {
- if (isMatch(methodName, mappedName)) {
- bestNameMatch = mappedName;
- break;
- }
- }
- Boolean isForceChoiceRead = readMethodMap.get(bestNameMatch);
- //表示强制选择 读 库
- if(isForceChoiceRead == Boolean.TRUE) {
- return true;
- }
- //如果之前选择了写库 现在还选择 写库
- if(ReadWriteDataSourceDecision.isChoiceWrite()) {
- return false;
- }
- //表示应该选择读库
- if(isForceChoiceRead != null) {
- return true;
- }
- //默认选择 写库
- return false;
- }
- protected boolean isMatch(String methodName, String mappedName) {
- return PatternMatchUtils.simpleMatch(mappedName, methodName);
- }
- }