不检查know_hosts
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
host_key_checking = False #不检查know_hosts
列出所有的模块
ansible-doc -l
查看指定模块的文档
ansible-doc cron
ansible特性
(1)、no agents:不需要在被管控主机上安装任何客户端;
(2)、no server:无服务器端,使用时直接运行命令即可;
(3)、modules in any languages:基于模块工作,可使用任意语言开发模块;
(4)、yaml,not code:使用yaml语言定制剧本playbook;
(5)、ssh by default:基于SSH工作;
(6)、strong multi-tier solution:可实现多级指挥。
优点
(1)、轻量级,无需在客户端安装agent,更新时,只需在操作机上进行一次更新即可;
(2)、批量任务执行可以写成脚本,而且不用分发到远程就可以执行;
(3)、使用python编写,维护更简单,ruby语法过于复杂;
(4)、支持sudo。
1. 安装
yum install -y epel-release
yum install -y ansible
2. 免密配置
(1) ssh密钥配置 首先生成密钥对 ssh-keygen -t rsa 直接回车即可,不用设置密钥密码 这样会在root家目录下生成.ssh目录,这里面也会生成两个文件 id_rsa 和 id_rsa.pub 然后把公钥(id_rsa.pub)内容放到对方机器的/root/.ssh/authorized_keys里面,包括本机 cat /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys 对方机器上要配置好 authorized_keys文件的权限 chmod 600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys 还需要关闭selinux (2)推送ssh公钥到服务器(配置的ansible_ssh_*的顺序无所谓) vim /etc/ansible/hosts [host] e75dc51cec53 ansible_ssh_host=172.17.0.16 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass='123456' 03ee9b1fc20f ansible_ssh_host=172.17.0.17 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass='123456' ansible_ssh_port=22 #(1)hostname【没有实际意义,标识作用。】 (2)ip (3)用户 (4)密码 (5)端口 ansible host -m copy -a "src=/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub dest=/root/.ssh/ owner=root group=root" ansible host -m shell -a "cat /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys"
ansible host -m shell -a "chmod 400 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys"
(2) ansible host配置
vi /etc/ansible/hosts //增加
例子1.
[testhost]
127.0.0.1
172.7.15.111
例子2.
[port]
192.168.3.102
[port:vars]
ansible_ssh_user="user"
ansible_ssh_port=65535
例子3.
vim /etc/ansible/hosts
[host]
e75dc51cec53 ansible_ssh_host=172.17.0.16 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass='123456' #第一段为服务器hosts
03ee9b1fc20f ansible_ssh_host=172.17.0.17 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass='123456' ansible_ssh_port=22
说明: testhost为主机组名字,自定义的。 下面两个ip为组内的机器ip。
3. 远程执行命令
ansible testhost -m command -a 'w'
这样就可以批量执行命令了。这里的testhost 为主机组名,当然我们也可以直接写一个ip,针对某一台机器来执行命令。
错误: "msg": "Aborting, target uses selinux but python bindings (libselinux-python) aren't installed!"
解决: yum install -y libselinux-python
4. 拷贝文件或者目录
ansible testhost -m copy -a "src=/etc/ansible dest=/tmp/ansibletest owner=root group=root mode=0644"
注意:源目录会放到目标目录下面去。
5. 远程执行一个shell脚本
首先创建一个shell脚本
vim /tmp/test.sh //加入内容
#!/bin/bash
echo `date` > /tmp/ansible_test.txt
然后把该脚本分发到各个机器上
ansible testhost -m copy -a "src=/tmp/test.sh dest=/tmp/test.sh mode=0755"
最后是批量执行该shell脚本
ansible testhost -m shell -a "/tmp/test.sh"
shell模块,还支持远程执行命令并且带管道
ansible testhost -m shell -a "cat /etc/passwd|wc -l "
6. cron
ansible testhost -m cron -a "name='test cron' job='/bin/touch /tmp/1212.txt' weekday=6"
若要删除该cron 只需要加一个字段 state=absent
ansible testhost -m cron -a "name='test cron' job='/bin/touch /tmp/1212.txt' weekday=6 state=absent"
7. yum和service
ansible testhost -m yum -a "name=httpd"
ansible testhost -m service -a "name=httpd state=started enabled=yes" #开户httpd服务 enabled=yes加入到开启启动
文档使用:
ansible-doc -l 列出所有的模块
ansible-doc cron 查看指定模块的文档
8.playbook
相当于把模块写入到配置文件里面
例:
cat /etc/ansible/test.yml
---
- hosts: testhost
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: test_playbook
shell: touch /tmp/lishiming.txt
说明:
hosts参数指定了对哪些主机进行参作;
user参数指定了使用什么用户登录远程主机操作;
tasks指定了一个任务,其下面的name参数同样是对任务的描述,在执行过程中会打印出来。
执行:
ansible-playbook test.yml
再来一个例子:
vim /etc/ansible/create_user.yml
---
- name: create_user
hosts: testhost
user: root
gather_facts: false
vars:
- user: "test"
tasks:
- name: create user
user: name="{{ user }}"
说明:
name参数对该playbook实现的功能做一个概述,后面执行过程中,会打印 name变量的值 ,可以省略;
gather_facts参数指定了在以下任务部分执行前,是否先执行setup模块获取主机相关信息,这在后面的task会使用到setup获取的信息时用到;
vars参数,指定了变量,这里指字一个user变量,其值为test ,需要注意的是,变量值一定要用引号引住;
user提定了调用user模块,name是user模块里的一个参数,而增加的用户名字调用了上面user变量的值。
循环with_items:
---
- hosts: testhost
user: root
tasks:
- name: change mod for file
file: path=/tmp/{{ item }} mode=600 owner=root group=root
with_items:
- 1.txt
- 2.txt
==
[root@master ansible]# cat for.yml
---
- name: for test
hosts: testhost
user: root
tasks:
- name: for test
copy: src={{item}} dest=/tmp/
with_items:
- /etc/passwd
- /etc/shadow
说明: with_items 就是循环的关键
条件when:
---
- hosts: testhost
remote_user: root
gather_facts: True
tasks:
- name: use when
shell: touch /tmp/when.txt
when: facter_ipaddress == "172.7.15.106"
==
ansible 192.168.1.8 -m setup
模块handlers:
执行task之后,服务器发生变化之后要执行的一些操作,比如我们修改了配置文件后,需要重启一下服务,具体示例
---
- hosts: testhost
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: test copy
copy: src=/tmp/1.txt dest=/tmp/2.txt
notify: test handlers
handlers:##命令成功之后才会执行
- name: test handlers
shell: echo "121212" >> /tmp/2.txt
说明,只有copy模块真正执行后,才会去调用下面的handlers相关的操作。也就是说如果1.txt和2.txt内容是一样的,并不会去执行handlers里面的shell相关命令。 这种比较适合配置文件发生更改后,重启服务的操作。
9. 实际应用- 安装nginx
cd /etc/ansible
mkdir nginx_install
mkdir -p nginx_install/roles/{common,delete,install}/{handlers,files,meta,tasks,templates,vars}
说明:roles目录下有三个角色,common为一些准备操作,delete为删除nginx的操作,install为安装nginx的操作
每个角色下面又有几个目录,handlers下面是当发生改变时要执行的操作,通常用在配置文件发生改变,重启服务。files为安装时用到的一些文件,meta为说明信息,说明角色依赖等信息,tasks里面是核心的配置文件,templates通常存一些配置文件,启动脚本等模板文件,vars下为定义的变量
cd nginx_install/roles
==安装
vim ./common/tasks/main.yml //内容如下
- name: Install initializtion require software
yum: name={{ item }} state=installed
with_items:
- gcc
- zlib-devel
- pcre-devel
vim ./install/vars/main.yml
nginx_user: www
nginx_port: 80
nginx_web_dir: /data/www
nginx_version: 1.4.3
ls ./install/files/
nginx-1.4.3.tar.gz
说明: 我们需要把源码包放到 files目录里面
ls ./install/templates
index.html index.php install_nginx.sh nginx nginx.conf vhost.conf
说明: 需要再templates下面准备好 默认页、安装nginx的shell脚本、nginx启动脚本、nginx配置文件以及虚拟主机配置文件
vim ./install/tasks/copy.yml
- name: Copy Nginx Software To Redhat Client #复制文件,文件在files下
copy: src=nginx-{{ nginx_version }}.tar.gz dest=/tmp/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}.tar.gz owner=root group=root
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Uncompression Nginx Software To Redhat Client
shell: tar zxf /tmp/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Copy Nginx Start Script To Redhat Client #复制文件,文件在template下
template: src=nginx dest=/etc/init.d/nginx owner=root group=root mode=0755
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Copy Nginx Config To Redhat Client #复制文件
template: src=nginx.conf dest=/usr/local/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}/conf/ owner=root group=root mode=0644
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Copy Nginx Vhost Config to RedHat Client
template: src=vhost.conf dest=/usr/local/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}/conf/vhost/ owner=root group=root mode=0644
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
说明: 首先把压缩包拷贝到/tmp/目录下,然后解压到/usr/local/下,再拷贝启动脚本到/etc/init.d/下,再拷贝nginx.conf以及vhost.conf
vim ./install/ /install.yml
- name: Create Nginx User In Redhat Client #创建用户
user: name={{ nginx_user }} state=present createhome=no shell=/sbin/nologin
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Create Nginx Dir #创建目录
file: dest={{ nginx_web_dir }}/{{ item }} state=directory
with_items:
- vhost
- logs
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Modify Nginx Dir Permission In Redhat Client #修改权限
file: path={{ item }} owner={{ nginx_user }} group={{ nginx_user }} mode=0755
with_items:
- "{{ nginx_web_dir }}"
- /usr/local/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Create Index Html To Redhat Client
template: src=index.html dest={{ nginx_web_dir }}/vhost/index.html owner={{ nginx_user }} group={{ nginx_user }} mode=0644
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Install Check Script In Redhat Client
template: src=index.php dest={{ nginx_web_dir }}/vhost/ owner={{ nginx_user }} group={{ nginx_user }} mode=0644
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Start Nginx Service In Redhat Client
service: name=nginx state=restarted
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Add Boot Start Nginx Service In Redhat Client
shell: chkconfig --level 345 nginx on
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
vim ./install/tasks/delete.yml
- name: Delete Nginx compression Software In Redhat Client
shell: rm -rf /tmp/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}.tar.gz
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
vim ./install/tasks/main.yml
- include: copy.yml
- include: install.yml
- include: delete.yml
====
cd ../
vim install.yml
---
- hosts: testhost
remote_user: root
gather_facts: True
roles:
- common
- install
==删除
cd roles
vim ./delete/vars/main.yml
nginx_user: www
nginx_port: 80
nginx_web_dir: /data/webroot/nginx
nginx_version: 1.4.3
vim ./delete/tasks/main.yml
- include: delete.yml
vim ./delete/tasks/delete.yml
- name: stop nginx service
shell: ps -ef|grep nginx|grep -v grep|awk '{print $2}'|xargs kill -9 >>/dev/null 2>&1
ignore_errors: yes
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Delete Nginx Boot Start Script
shell: chkconfig --del nginx
ignore_errors: yes
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Delete Nginx Dir
shell: rm -rf /usr/local/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Delete Nginx User
shell: userdel {{ nginx_user }}
ignore_errors: yes
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Delete Nginx Service Start Script
shell: rm -rf /etc/init.d/nginx
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
cd ../
vim delete.yml
---
- hosts: testhost
remote_user: root
gather_facts: True
roles:
- delete
===
管理配置文件
生产环境中大多时候是需要管理配置文件的,安装软件包只是在初始化环境的时候用一下。下面我们来写个管理nginx配置文件的playbook
mkdir -p /etc/ansible/nginx_config/roles/{new,old}/{files,handlers,vars,tasks}
其中new为更新时用到的,old为回滚时用到的,files下面为nginx.conf和vhosts目录,handlers为重启nginx服务的命令
关于回滚,需要在执行playbook之前先备份一下旧的配置,所以对于老配置文件的管理一定要严格,千万不能随便去修改线上机器的配置,并且要保证new/files下面的配置和线上的配置一致
先把nginx.conf和vhosts目录放到files目录下面
cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
cp -r nginx.conf vhosts /etc/ansible/nginx_conf/roles/new/files/
vim /etc/ansible/nginx_config/roles/new/vars/main.yml //
定义变量
nginx_basedir: /usr/local/nginx
vim /etc/ansible/nginx_config/roles/new/handlers/main.yml //
定义重新加载nginx服务
- name: restart nginx
shell: /etc/init.d/nginx reload
vim /etc/ansible/nginx_config/roles/new/tasks/main.yml //
这是核心的任务
- name: copy conf file
copy: src={{ item.src }} dest={{ nginx_basedir }}/{{ item.dest }} backup=yes owner=root group=root mode=0644
with_items:
- { src: nginx.conf, dest: conf/nginx.conf }
- { src: vhosts, dest: conf/ }
notify: restart nginx
vim /etc/ansible/nginx_config/update.yml //
最后是定义总入口配置
---
- hosts: testhost
user: root
roles:
- new
执行: ansible-playbook /etc/ansible/nginx_config/update.yml
l而回滚的backup.yml对应的roles为old
lrsync -av /etc/ansible/nginx_config/roles/new/ /etc/ansible/nginx_config/roles/old/
l回滚操作就是把旧的配置覆盖,然后重新加载nginx服务
安装nginx: ansible-playbook install.yml
删除nginx: ansible-playbook delete.yml
下载整个样例库
git clone git://github.com/dl528888/ansible-examples.git
git命令,需要yum先安装一下: yum install -y git