Ubuntu Beginer

 

Ubuntu version

========================================================

uname -a

uname -r

 

Ubuntu rpm / VMware / root / java / vi / putty / jboss

========================================================

putty

-------------------

1. install ssh server in Linux;

    $sudo apt-get install ssh

2. use NAT network connection;

 

rpm

--------------------

rpm -ivh package.ix86.rpm

rpm -ql packagename

rpm -e packagename

rpm -Uvh package.ix86.rpm

 

install VMware-tools

--------------------

cp -a /media/cdrom/VMwareTools* /tmp/

cd /tmp/

tar -vxzf VMwareTools*.gz

cd vmware-tools-distrib/

sudo ./vmware-install.pl

 

mount a ext disk

--------------------

1. shutdown the running Linux;

2. right-click on the Linux OS -> Virtual Machine Settings;

3. In "Hardware" tab, click "Add" -> Add a hard disk -> Create a new virtual disk -> SCSI(recommended) -> set the size -> OK;

4. as a result, a new disk named - Hard Disk 2 will display in Linux OS settings.

 

login as root:

# fdisk -l ## list all partitions information

# fdisk /dev/sdb ## begin to make partition of new disk

m ## usage

p ## print the current disk partition table

n ## create a new partition

p ## select primary partition

1 ## the partition No.

p ## print the up to date partition information table

w ## write the new partition to disk

# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1 ## format the new partition using ext3

# fdisk -l ## list information

# mkdir /data1   ## make new directory for mount - /data1

# mount /dev/sdb1 /data1 ## mount sdb1 on /data1

# df -h   ## reboot system to check the disk information

Move data:

du -hs /usr ##check the folder size

1. move all data in /usr to /data1 (we can use $sudo mv /usr/* /data1/)

2. clear /usr directory:

# rm -r /usr

3. create /usr directory again:

# mkdir /usr

4. umount /dev/sdb1 from /data1, and mount it on /usr:

# umount /dev/sdb1 /data1

# mount /dev/sdb1 /usr

4、# vi /etc/fstab ## modify /etc/fstab, let system mount the new disk on boost automatically.

add below line in the end(separate by Tab):

        /dev/sdb1                /usr                     ext3     defaults         1 2

4. OK, reboot system, check the disk information. you will find the extension disk has been mounted to system.

# df -h

              File System           Volumn   Used Avaliable Used% Mount point

              /dev/sda2              3.6G    1.3G   2.4G     35%  /

              udev                   125M    124K   125M     1%   /dev

              /dev/sdb1              4.0G    2.3G   1.6G     60%  /usr

 

Create root user in Ubuntu:

--------------------

$ sudo sh

Asran's Password: ******

#

(now you are in root session)

#whoami

root

 

If you want to be able to login as root, you need to define a password for root:

$ sudo passwd

Asran's Password:

Enter new UNIX password: *****

Retype new UNIX password: *****

change current user pwd:

#passwd

$sudo password username ## root can change any use's password without regex restrictions.

vi

-------------------

upgrade to vim

$ sudo apt-get install vim

 

java

-------------------

$sh jdk-6u16-linux-i586.bin

vim .profile

set JAVA_HOME and CLASSPATH in personnal environment

JAVA_HOME="/home/asran/java/jdk1.6.0_16"

export JAVA_HOME

PATH="$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH"

export PATH

CLASSPATH="$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib"

export CLASSPATH

 

jboss

-------------------

./run.sh -b 192.168.175.128 -&

./shutdown -S

wget http://192.168.175.128:8080

 

 

Install .deb .bin

========================================================

*.deb: $sudo dpkg -i *.deb

*.bin: $sh *.bin

 

Install Mysql / SVN

========================================================

svn

----------------------------

1. Install svn client:

$sudo apt-get install subversion

2. checkout:

[workspace]$svn checkout http://opensvn.csie.org/asran --username asran.deng

prompt for password:******

3. update:

[workspace]$svn update

4. add new file:

[workdirectory]$svn add hello.c

5. remove:

[workdirectory]$svn delete hello.cgi

5. commit(if there are new files, then need add them first):

[workdirectory]$svn commit

6. create a new project:

$svn mkdir --parents -m "" http://opensvn.csie.org/asran/c++

then checkout that project.

 

mysql

---------------------------

1. $sudo apt-get install mysql-server

2. $sudo aptitude install libmysqlclient15-dev  ## install develop libraries for developer

compile: cc -o mysql.cgi mysql.c -lmysqlclient

 

 

chmod [-cfvR] [--help] [--version] mode file

========================================================

mode : permission configuration,format : [ugoa...][[+-=][rwxX]...][,...]

u - the file owner

g - the same group of file owner

o - others

a - all of three

+ grant - revoke = only set (privileges)

r readable, w writable, x executable, X unknow yet?

-c : if the file privilege really be changed, then display the modification action

-f : if the file privilege can't be changed, then also display nothing

-v : show verbose

-R : subdirectory recursively

--help : help information

--version : display version

e.g.

$chmod ugo+r file1.txt (everyone can read it)

equivalent with: $chmod a+r file1.txt

$chmod ug+w,o-w file1.txt file2.txt (owner and owner group can write file1.txt and file2.txt, others can't write)

$chmod u+x ex1.py (owner can execute ex1.py)

$chmod -R a+r * (everyone can read the files in current directory and its subdirectories)

$chmod 777 file

syntax: chmod abc file

a - user

b - group

c - other

r=4 w=2 x=1

rwx: 4+2+1=7

rw-: 4+2=6

r-x: 4+1=7

e.g.

chmod a=rwx file = chmod 777 file

chmod ug=rwx,o=x file = chmod 771 file

chmod 4755 filename ## as root privilege

sudo chmod 600 ***

sudo chmod 644 ***

sudo chmod 700 ***

sudo chmod 666 ***

sudo chmod 777 ***

 

 

search

========================================================

locate is great for searching the entire file system

$locate xorg.conf

$locate -r '/xorg.conf$' (regular expression)

$locate -i 'monthly report' (insensitive)

$locate -b Desktop (hide sub-directories & files)

$sudo updatedb (update index)

 

which finds where a command lives

$which mysql

$which svn

 

find the source, man page, and other associated directories

$whereis firefox

 

$find everything

$find / -name game

$find /home -user joe

$find /usr -name *stat

$find /var/spool -mtime +60

$find . -type f -perm -u=x, -o=r -exec rm -i {} \;

$find / -name foo 2>/dev/null  ## redirect the error message.

$find -print0 ## separate file pathname with NUL.

$find . -name foo\*bar ## This will search from the current directory down for foo*bar (that is, any filename that begins with foo and ends with bar).

$find / -type f -mtime -7 | xargs tar -rf weekly_incremental.tar

$gzip weekly_incremental.tar

## will find any regular files (i.e., not directories or other special files) with the criteria "-type f", and only those modified seven or fewer days ago ("-mtime -7")

## Using the tar option "-c" is dangerous here;  xargs may invoke tar several times if there are many files found and each "-c" will cause tar to over-write the previous invocation.  The "-r" option appends files to an archive.  Other options such as those that would permit filenames containing spaces would be useful in a "production quality" backup script.

$find / -name core | xargs /bin/rm -f

$find / -name core -exec /bin/rm -f '{}' \; # same thing

$find / -name core -delete                  # same if using Gnu find

$find / -mmin -10 ## locate files modified less than 10 minutes ago.

$ls -l | wc -l ## count the files

$find / -name core | wc -l

 

$grep '_IO_FILE' /usr/include/*.h ## full-text search

 

 

Compression / Extraction

========================================================

zip

# zip -r archive_name.zip directory_to_compress

# unzip archive_name.zip

gz

gzip filename.ext

gunzip filename.gz

tar

# tar -cvf archive_name.tar directory_to_compress

# tar -xvf archive_name.tar

# tar -xvf archive_name.tar -C /tmp/extract_here/

tar.gz

# tar -zcvf archive_name.tar.gz directory_to_compress

# tar -zxvf archive_name.tar.gz

# tar -zxvf archive_name.tar.gz -C /tmp/extract_here/

# tar -xzvf foo.tgz

tar.bz2

# tar -jcvf archive_name.tar.bz2 directory_to_compress

# tar -jxvf archive_name.tar.bz2 -C /tmp/extract_here/

$*** -tf zipfilename ## list content of compress file

 

 

vim

========================================================

:set showmode

hjkl -------move cursor

x  ---------- remove character

dd ---------- delete whole line

Y/yy ---------- copy one line

nY ------------ copy n line

yG ------------ copy to the end of file

yw ------------ copy to the end of word(inline)

y$ ------------ copy to the end of line (inline)

P ------------- paste above/before

p ------------- paste below/after

 

J  ---------- join two lines

u  ---------- undo

Ctrl-R ---------- redo

U ------------undo whole line

a -------------append

o -------------insert new line under current row

O -------------insert new line above current row

3x ------------cut 3 characters from cursor

ZZ -------------write and exit

:q! ------------exit without saving

:e! ------------reload file content

:help

 

:set number

:set nonumber

:set ts=2 --------- display tab as 2 size(or add [:set ts=2] in ~/.vimrc, if not existing, just create one)

:syntax on/off ------ highlight key words

 

gg ------------- go header

G -------------- go bottom

nG ------------- go n-th line below

9k ------------ go 9 lines above

H -------------- header

M --------------- middle

L --------------Last

Ctrl-G ----------tell where am i

Ctrl-U ---------- move up

Ctrl-D ---------- move down

Ctrl-E

Ctrl-Y

Ctrl-F

Ctrl-B

zz -------------- bring the current row to the middle of screen

zt -------------- to top

zb -------------- to bottom

/search

?search

n ------------next

N ------------opposite direction search

 

 

Apache Web Server (cgi / perl / php)

========================================================

apache2

--------------------

$sudo aptitude install apache2 ### install Apache HTTP Server

$sudo vim /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

Add:

ServerName localhost / ServerName yourserverip /

$sudo apache2ctl restart

 

cgi:

$mkdir /home/asran/www/cgi-bin

$sudo vim /etc/apache2/sites-avaliable/default

comment out the original cgi settings

add_

    ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /home/asran/www/cgi-bin/

    <Directory "/home/asran/www/cgi-bin">

        Options ExecCGI

        AddHandler cgi-script cgi pl

    </Directory>

 

$cc -o test.cgi test.c

$cp test.cgi /home/asran/www/cgi-bin/

open browser: http://serverip/cgi-bin/test.cgi

 

php:

$mkdir /home/asran/www

$sudo vim /etc/apache2/conf.d

change /var/www -> /home/asran/www/

 

$sudo apache2ctl restart

 

if prompt to download php file, then

$sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5

$sudo apache2ctl restart

 

 

 

package management (dpkg / apt-get / aptitude)

========================================================

package management

---------------------------

dpkg:

$sudo dpkg -l |grep apache2  ## list all installed package

$sudo dpkg -L packagename ## list the files which installed by specified package

$sudo dpkg -i *.deb        ## install a local package

$sudo dpkg -r packagename ## uninstall the specified package(not recommand)

$sudo dpkg -S filename  ## find the current file belongs to which package

 

apt-get:

$sudo apt-get install packagename1 packagename2 packagename3

$sudo apt-get remove --purge packagename1 packagename2 packagename3

$sudo apt-get update ## update the local repository index

$sudo apt-get upgrade packagename  ## upgrade package

$sudo apt-get dist-upgrade ## upgrade Ubuntu Server Edition system

$sudo do-release-upgrade ## upgrade OS

$sudo do-release-upgrade -d ## upgrade OS to a development version

 

 

Runlevel

========================================================

$sudo runlevel

$telinit n

change Ubuntu to run in text-mode by default:

create new file:

$sudo vim /etc/inittab

    id:3:initdefault:

remove the gdm service from /etc/tc3.d/ directory:

$ls /etc/rc3.d/

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  13 2009-09-06 14:50 S30gdm -> ../init.d/gdm

## $sudo ln -s ../init.d/gdm S30gdm

$sudo reboot

 

 

FTP

========================================================

$ftp

ftp>open asran99.zymichost.com

ftp>ls

ftp>cd

ftp>get file.txt

ftp>put file2.txt

ftp>delete file3.txt

ftp>bye

 

User/Group

========================================================

$w

$who

$whoami

$passwd [username]

 

Install goole pinyin

========================================================

$sudo aptitude install git-core

$git clone git://github.com/tchaikov/scim-googlepinyin.git

$cd scim-googlepinyin.git

 

$aptitude install autotools-dev libgtk2.0-dev libscim-dev libtool automake

$./autogen.sh

$make

$sudo make install

 

launch scim:

scim -f socket -c socket -d

 

IBus has been started! If you can not use IBus, please add below lines in $HOME/.bashrc, and relogin your desktop.

  export GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus

  export XMODIFIERS=@im=ibus

  export QT_IM_MODULE=ibus

 

Install LDAP in Ubuntu9.10

========================================================

tar zxvf db-5.1.19.tar.tar

cd build_unix/

../dist/configure

sudo make

sudo make install

vim /home/asran/.profile

sudo apt-get install libdb-dev

 

gunzip -c openldap-2.4.23.tgz | tar xvfB -

sudo ./configure

sudo make depend

sudo make

sudo make test

sudo make install

 

sudo vim /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.conf

 

sudo /usr/local/libexec/slapd

 

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VHDL是硬件描述语言(VHDL)的简称,被广泛应用于电子设计自动化(EDA)领域。对于VHDL初学者来说,以下是一些需要了解的基本概念和技巧。 首先,了解VHDL的语法和基本结构是非常关键的。VHDL的语法类似于一种程序语言,可以用于描述电子系统中的硬件组件和其行为。 其次,了解VHDL中的实体(Entity)、结构(Architecture)和过程(Process)的概念。实体描述了一个硬件模块的输入和输出端口,结构描述了元件的内部连接方式和信号传输,而过程则用于描述硬件模块的行为。 此外,编写VHDL代码时需要了解数据类型、信号、变量和常量的概念。VHDL中有许多不同的数据类型,如位(bit)、位向量(bit vector)、整数(integer)和浮点数(float),选择合适的数据类型对于正确描述硬件行为至关重要。 当开始编写VHDL代码时,了解好的代码风格和命名习惯是非常重要的。给变量、信号、实体和结构起一个清晰的名称,避免使用模糊和混淆的命名方式。 最后,在学习过程中,经常阅读和分析已有的VHDL代码是非常有帮助的。通过阅读别人的代码,可以学习到不同的设计技巧和代码结构,从而提高自己的设计水平。 总而言之,作为VHDL初学者,了解VHDL的语法和基本概念、掌握合适的数据类型、熟悉好的代码风格和命名习惯以及通过阅读别人代码来提高自己的设计水平都是非常重要的。希望这些基本指导能够帮助你更好地入门VHDL。

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