示例1.6定义投影和范围
（http://www.mapserver.org/tutorial/example1-6.html#example1-6）
哇哦，发生什么了？
你刚体验了重投影。当你在mapfile文件中定义了PROJECTION对象，MapServer会把图层和投影信息传给Proj.4库做投影。要了解更多关于Proj.4库的信息，请访问：http://proj.maptools.org/.。
这个例子试图向你展示MapServer中关于投影方面支持的亮点。
下面是示例1.6的mapfile：
#The annotated map file (sort of)
#Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial
#20050408
#
#MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line
#comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a"#".
#
#Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object.
#Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclosed between MAP and END
#at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other
#objects.
MAP
#IMAGETYPE PNG24
IMAGETYPE PNG
# EXTENT 199949.651166 -371954.7720841472121.6862 632767.19157
EXTENT 201621.496941 -294488.2853331425518.020722 498254.511514 # LAEA
#EXTENT -97.5 41.619778 -82.122902 49.38562 #Geographic
SIZE 400 300
SHAPEPATH "../data"
SYMBOLSET "../symbols/symbols35.sym"
FONTSET "../fonts/fonts.list"
# The projection object is typically usedwithin the map and the layer
# objects. You only define it once within themap object and this definition
# becomes your output projection--MapServerwill render your maps in this
# projection. You also use the projection object within the layer object to
# define your input projection. Your layers can be in different
# projections--MapServer will reproject theminto your output projection.
# If no projection is defined within thelayer object, MapServer assumes
# your input projection is the same as youroutput projection. This is not
# a required object unless you're creating amap file that supports one of
# the OGC interoperability web servicesspecifications (WMS/WFS/WCS).
#
# This is the output PROJECTION definition------
PROJECTION
# Projection parameters can be defined intwo ways...
# This is the traditional Proj.4 definitionof Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area
# projection for the Continental U.S.
"proj=laea"
"ellps=clrk66"
"lat_0=45"
"lon_0=-100"
# Alternatively, you can specify an EPSGcode.
# This is the EPSG code for LambertAzimuthal Equal-Area
# projection for the U.S.
#
# "init=epsg:2163"
END # End of the output Projection definition---
# Layer objects are defined beneath the mapobject. You need at least one
# layer defined in your map file before youcan display a map... You can
# define as many layers as you'd likealthough a limit is typically hard-coded
# in map.h in the MapServer source. The default limit is set at 100. You'd
# have to have a very specialized applicationto need more than 100 layers in
# your application.
#
# Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS---------------------------------------------
LAYER # States polygon layer begins here
NAME states
DATA states_ugl
STATUS OFF
TYPE POLYGON
# Here's an example of the input projectiondefinition.
# EPSG:4326 is code for geographic(latlong) projection
# using the WGS84 datum.
#
# PROJECTION objects within the LAYERobject define the input
# projection--this is the native projectionof your data.
PROJECTION
"init=epsg:4326"
END
# CLASSITEM defines the non-spatialattribute that you will be using to
# separate a layer into classes. This attribute will be in the DBF file
# of your shapefile (it will be differentfor each data format). In this
# example the shapefile states_ugl has anassociated database
# (states_ugl.dbf) that contains anattribute called "CLASS". Youwill be
# using two values in the CLASS attributeto separate the classes (also
# called themes) used in this layer--landand water. CLASSITEM is used in
# association with the EXPRESSION parameterin the CLASS object. See below.
CLASSITEM "CLASS"
# The class object is defined within thelayer object. You can define as
# many classes as you need (well, there arelimits as with layers, but it's
# senseless to define more than ten on a"normal" layer. There are
# situations, however, where you might haveto do it.)
CLASS
NAME 'States'
EXPRESSION 'land'
# There are styles in a class, just likethere are classes in a layer,
# just like there are layers in amap. You can define multiple styles in
# a class just as you can define multipleclasses in a layer and multiple
# layers in a map.
STYLE
COLOR 232 232 232
END
END
END # States polygon layer ends here
# In addition to vector data (shapefiles arevector data), MapServer supports
# a host of raster formats. In GIS world, one of the most common raster
# formats is GeoTIFF, a TIFF image withgeospatial headers. MapServer also
# supports JPEG, PNG, GIF, and other commonformats. Other raster formats
# supported by MapServer include ESRIArc/Info grid, HDF and HDF-EOS, NetCDF,
# Generic raster binaries, OGC Web MapService (WMS) layers, etc. Pretty much
# any raster format you can think of isprobably supported, thanks to the
# impressive Geospatial Data AbstractionLibrary (GDAL, pronounced "GOODALL"
# or GOODLE?). More information on GDAL is available athttp://www.gdal.org.
#
# MapServer 4.x can read and displaybitmapped (like GIFs), RGB/A (true
# color), and multispectral (images with morethan 3 bands, like raw LandSat
# images) rasters.
LAYER # MODIS raster layer begins here
NAME modis
DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif"
STATUS OFF
TYPE RASTER
PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3"
OFFSITE 71 74 65
PROJECTION
"init=epsg:4326"
END
END # MODIS raster layer ends here
LAYER # States line layer begins here
NAME states
DATA states_ugl
STATUS OFF
TYPE LINE
PROJECTION
"init=epsg:4326"
END
CLASSITEM "CLASS"
CLASS
NAME 'State Boundary'
EXPRESSION 'land'
STYLE
SYMBOL 'line5'
COLOR 64 64 64
SIZE 1
END
END
END # States line layer ends here
LAYER # States label layer begins here
NAME states_label
DATA states_ugl
STATUS OFF
TYPE ANNOTATION
PROJECTION
"init=epsg:4326"
END
CLASSITEM "CLASS"
# Just like CLASSITEM, LABELITEM definesthe database attribute that you
# will be using to draw labels. In this case, the values of the attribute
# "STATE" will be used to labelthe states polygons.
LABELITEM "STATE"
CLASS
EXPRESSION 'land'
STYLE
COLOR -1 -1 -1
END
# There can be labels in a class, justlike there are classes in a layer,
# just like there are layers in amap. You can define multiple labels in
# a class just as you can define multipleclasses in a layer and multiple
# layers in a map.
# MapServer has a very flexible labelingsystem. With that flexibility
# comes complexity, specially when usingtruetype fonts. Please read
# through the LABEL section of theMapServer map file documentation at
# http://www.mapserver.org/mapfile formore information.
LABEL
COLOR 132 31 31
SHADOWCOLOR 218 218 218
SHADOWSIZE 2 2
TYPE TRUETYPE
FONT arial-bold
SIZE 12
ANTIALIAS TRUE
POSITION CL
PARTIALS FALSE
MINDISTANCE 300
BUFFER 4
END # end of label
END # end of class
END # States label layer ends here
# End of LAYER DEFINITIONS-------------------------------
END# All map files must come to an end just as all other things must come to..
首先你会注意到mapfile文件原先的EXTENT被注释掉了，新的EXTENT值看起来不像是经纬度值。另外，我们在每个图层内的靠近开始位置处添加了PROJECTION对象。
让我们看看新对象和参数：
EXTENT 201621.496941 -294488.285333 1425518.020722498254.511514
我们提供给MapServer的范围参数必须和输出投影保持一致。既然Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area投影是以米为单位，那么新的范围也以米为单位。你可以通过ArcView或其他GIS包来计算新的范围，你也可以用Proj.4工具来计算。下述命令可用来重新投影原来的范围。
cs2cs+proj=latlong +datum=WGS84 +to +proj=laea +ellps=clrk66 +lat_0=45 +lon_0=-100
当你敲完这条命令，以中间空格方式输入西南角坐标对(左下角坐标)后，
-97.541.619778
“CS2CS”工具会给出如下值：
208398.01 -372335.44 0.000
然后再以中间空间方式输入东北方向坐标对（右上角度坐标）：
-82.12290249.38562
然后会返回如下值：
1285308.08 632638.93 0.000
你将会注意到”cs2cs”返回了三个值的集合，你可以忽略第三个0.000的值，这个值代表高程（这里我们不使用）。好了，现在我们可以将EXTENT设置为：
EXTENT208398.01 -372335.44 1285308.08 632638.93
但是你会说这和上面的范围不匹配。好吧，这是在重投影时候经常遇到的—地图中心并不是和你想像的一样。通过在左方向加几千米和右边加一些距离，你可以回避这个问题。或者你可以用图形GIS包来得到这个范围。这里有用ArcView获取EXTENT的指南。
MapServer有两种投影定义方式。第一种就是mapfile中的输出PROJECTION对象（第一个PROJECTION块）。这是给Proj.4库传递参数的传统方式。另一种就是使用EPSG代码。这些代码是欧洲石油测绘组(European Petroleum Survey Group, EPSG)定义的标准投影标识（或空间参考标识）。此例中的Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area对应的代码是2163。如果你注释掉PROJECTION后面的四行，然后放开”init=epsg:2163”，将会传递同样信息给Proj.4库。如果你想了解关于EPSG代码的更多知识，可以看看“/usr/local/share/proj/epsg”或 “C:/proj/nad/epsg” (在 MS4W 位于“/ms4w/proj/nad”)。
此外，也可以看看EPSG官网: http://www.epsg.org.
如果你想更深入了解投影，可以看看下面的链接：
- http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj_f.html
- http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/mp/
- http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection
- http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html
- http://spatialreference.org/
你也可以用”mapprojection”在网络上搜索获得更多信息。
PS:中文版权为asswclw所有，请尊重劳动成果，转载将注明出处。
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