实战：CentOS不重启，在线添加硬盘

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-29 13:46:14 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-04-29 13:46:14 发布

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转载自：http://blog.51cto.com/skypegnu1/1429375

大纲

1、通过VMware Workstation为虚拟机添加硬盘

2、强制Linux扫描SCSI设备

系统版本

OS
CentOS 6.4_64 (VMware虚拟机)

一、前言

作为系统管理员，可能有需求在现有的基础上，新增磁盘以提供更大的存储空间。我们知道 SATA接口以及SAS，SCSI 都是支持热插拔的特性。下面简单介绍一个方法，实现不重新启动Linux，新增磁盘。

我们通过 VMware 虚拟机来演示整个过程。

二、为VMware主机新增一块磁盘

1、在线为CentOS添加磁盘，首先点击 VM > Settings

2、在弹出的Virtual Machine Settings窗口中，选择下方的 "Add" 按钮。

3、然后进入"Add Hardware Wizard"添加硬件向导, 选择 "Hard Disk", 然后 "Next"

4、接下来选择“Disk Type”,我们选择 SCSI（Small Computer System Interface）,即小型计算机系统接口，不能选择IDE，VMware也非常友好的提示"Cannot be added while the VM is powerd on"。为什么呢？因为IDE接口的硬盘是不支持热插拔的设备，所以我们必须选择SCSI或者SATA类型的接口，支持热插拔的类型才行。

5、下一步，我们直接选择"Create a new virtual disk"，创建一个新的虚拟磁盘，如果你想添加已经存在的虚拟磁盘，请选择第2项，这里不建议选择第3项"Use a physical disk"

6、选择磁盘大小，根据自己的需要合理指定大小即可。

Allocate all disk space now. 选择它，那么会立刻在我们物理磁盘上申请并分配我们指定的大小空间，可以提高虚拟机的性能，但是会占用更多的空间。相反，如果不勾选它，默认情况下，消耗的空间根据实际虚拟机中占用的磁盘空间大小动态分配。
Store virtual disk as a single file. 把虚拟磁盘存储为单个文件，如果宿主机文件系统是NTFS，那么建议选择它。
Split virtual disk into multiple files. 把虚拟磁盘切割为多块存储在多个文件中，这样可以更容易移动到其他计算机上，但是可能降低性能。其实我认为最主要的原因是某些文件系统,如FAT的单个文件最大限制为4G，所以切分为多个文件进行存储，可以避免单个文件过大而无法存储的问题。

7、然后点击"Finish", 即添加成功。

三、重新检测 SATA/SCSI bus

通常，磁盘添加完成后，需要重启一下计算机，内核会自动检测到这个新的设备。我们可以使用

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:slategray"># ls /dev/sd*</span></code></span></span>

来查看，一般是以/dev/sd[a-z]命名的设备文件。

但是，在生产环境中，是不允许我们随意重启服务器的，我们会尽可能的选择不重启系统的方式来解决，现在我们就来探讨一种不重启而让内核检测到SCSI磁盘的方法。

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:slategray">## A rescan can be issued by typing the followingcommand:</span>
<span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host#/scan     </span>

<span style="color:slategray">## Replace host#</span>
Replace host<span style="color:slategray"># with actual value such as host0. You can find scsi_host value using the following command:</span>
<span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># ls /sys/class/scsi_host</span>
Output: host0 

Now <span style="color:#dd4a68">type</span> the following to send a rescan request:
<span style="color:slategray"># echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan</span>
<span style="color:slategray"># fdisk -l</span>
<span style="color:slategray"># tail -f /var/log/message</span></code></span></span>

以root用户执行下面的命令，强制内核再次检测PCI设备：

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># ls /dev/sd*</span>
/dev/sda  /dev/sda1  /dev/sda2  /dev/sda3

<span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># echo '- - -' > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan</span>

<span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># ls /dev/sd*</span>
/dev/sda  /dev/sda1  /dev/sda2  /dev/sda3  /dev/sdb

<span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># fdisk -l</span>
<span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># tail -f /var/log/message</span></code></span></span>

最关键的是这一行命令：

注意：三个"- - -"号之间有空格。执行完这条命令后，查看系统日志/var/log/messages，发现对SCSI设备进行了一次重新扫描。

OK，至此我们已经顺利新增了一块磁盘，那么接下来可以进行fdisk分区，mkfs格式化等操作了。

四、第二种方式：添加单个设备

How Do I Delete a Single Device Called /dev/sdc?

In addition to re-scanning the entire bus, a specific device can be added or existing device deleted using the following command:

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:slategray"># echo 1 > /sys/block/devName/device/delete    # devName</span>
<span style="color:slategray"># echo 1 > /sys/block/sdc/device/delete        # sdc</span></code></span></span>

How Do I Add a Single Device Called /dev/sdc?

To add a single device explicitly, use the following syntax:

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:slategray"># echo "scsi add-single-device <H> <B> <T> <L>" > /proc/scsi/scsi</span>
Where,
<span style="color:#9a6e3a"><</span>H<span style="color:#9a6e3a">></span> <span style="color:#0077aa">:</span> Host
<span style="color:#9a6e3a"><</span>B<span style="color:#9a6e3a">></span> <span style="color:#0077aa">:</span> Bus <span style="color:#999999">(</span>Channel<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#9a6e3a"><</span>T<span style="color:#9a6e3a">></span> <span style="color:#0077aa">:</span> Target <span style="color:#999999">(</span>Id<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
<span style="color:#9a6e3a"><</span>L<span style="color:#9a6e3a">></span> <span style="color:#0077aa">:</span> LUN numbers<span style="color:#999999">(</span>LUN<span style="color:#999999">)</span></code></span></span>

For e.g. add /dev/sdc with host # 0, bus # 0, target # 2, and LUN # 0, enter:

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:slategray"># echo "scsi add-single-device 0 0 2 0">/proc/scsi/scsi</span>
<span style="color:slategray"># fdisk -l</span>
<span style="color:slategray"># cat /proc/scsi/scsi</span></code></span></span>

1、如何确定 <H>、<B>、<T>、<L> 这几个信息呢？

检查 /proc/scsi/scsi 文件，确定新磁盘的 Id

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># cat /proc/scsi/scsi </span>
Attached devices:
Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
  Vendor: VMware,  Model: VMware Virtual S Rev: 1.0 
  Type:   Direct-Access                    ANSI  SCSI revision: 02
Host: scsi2 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
  Vendor: NECVMWar Model: VMware IDE CDR10 Rev: 1.00
  Type:   CD-ROM                           ANSI  SCSI revision: 05</code></span></span>

可以看到，最大的【Id】号为：00 ，那么新增的磁盘 Id 就为 1

2、使用 fdisk -l 命令列出当前系统的磁盘信息

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># fdisk -l</span>

Disk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders
Units <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> cylinders of 16065 * 512 <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> 8225280 bytes
Sector size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>logical/physical<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>minimum/optimal<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000d691c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          26      204800   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              26         157     1048576   82  Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda3             157        1959    14474240   83  Linux</code></span></span>

3、执行命令， re-scan SCSI 总线

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># echo "scsi add-single-device 0 0 1 0" > /proc/scsi/scsi</span></code></span></span>

4、再次使用 fdisk -l 命令列出当前系统的磁盘信息

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># fdisk -l</span>

Disk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders
Units <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> cylinders of 16065 * 512 <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> 8225280 bytes
Sector size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>logical/physical<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>minimum/optimal<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000d691c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          26      204800   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              26         157     1048576   82  Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda3             157        1959    14474240   83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> cylinders of 16065 * 512 <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> 8225280 bytes
Sector size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>logical/physical<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>minimum/optimal<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000</code></span></span>

好了，我们可以看到系统已经识别到了新增设备， /dev/sdb。接下来我们就可以使用它了，创建分区和格式化。

五、创建分区、格式化、挂载

一、创建分区

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># fdisk /dev/sdb</span>
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x2445d233.
Changes will remain <span style="color:#0077aa">in</span> memory only, <span style="color:#0077aa">until</span> you decide to <span style="color:#dd4a68">write</span> them.
After that, of course, the previous content won<span style="color:#669900">'t be recoverable.

Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It'</span>s strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode <span style="color:#999999">(</span>command <span style="color:#669900">'c'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span> and change display <span style="color:#dd4a68">units</span> to
         sectors <span style="color:#999999">(</span>command <span style="color:#669900">'u'</span><span style="color:#999999">)</span>.

Command <span style="color:#999999">(</span>m <span style="color:#0077aa">for</span> help<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: n                        <span style="color:slategray">## 创建新分区</span>
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition <span style="color:#999999">(</span>1-4<span style="color:#999999">)</span>
p                                              <span style="color:slategray">## 主分区</span>
Partition number <span style="color:#999999">(</span>1-4<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 1                      <span style="color:slategray">## 主分区编号</span>
First cylinder <span style="color:#999999">(</span>1-1305, default 1<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size<span style="color:#999999">{</span>K,M,G<span style="color:#999999">}</span> <span style="color:#999999">(</span>1-1305, default 1305<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: +5G     <span style="color:slategray">## 主分区大小</span>

Command <span style="color:#999999">(</span>m <span style="color:#0077aa">for</span> help<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: p

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> cylinders of 16065 * 512 <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> 8225280 bytes
Sector size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>logical/physical<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>minimum/optimal<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x2445d233

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1         654     5253223+  83  Linux

Command <span style="color:#999999">(</span>m <span style="color:#0077aa">for</span> help<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: w                         <span style="color:slategray">## 保存</span></code></span></span>

在写入分区表后，可能会导致 kernel 无法重新获取新分区表信息，此时可以直接通过 reboot 来处理。当然，我们可不能随随便便的 reboot，我们可以使用 partprobe 命令来强制 kernel 读取新的分区表信息。

partprobe 命令是包含在 parted 包中的，如果系统提示： command not found。我们安装 parted 即可。

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:slategray">## install parted</span>
<span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># yum -y install parted</span>

<span style="color:slategray">## reload partition table</span>
<span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># partprobe</span></code></span></span>

二、格式化

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># fdisk -l</span>

Disk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders
Units <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> cylinders of 16065 * 512 <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> 8225280 bytes
Sector size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>logical/physical<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>minimum/optimal<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000d691c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          26      204800   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              26         157     1048576   82  Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda3             157        1959    14474240   83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders
Units <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> cylinders of 16065 * 512 <span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span> 8225280 bytes
Sector size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>logical/physical<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size <span style="color:#999999">(</span>minimum/optimal<span style="color:#999999">)</span>: 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x2445d233

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1         654     5253223+  83  Linux

<span style="color:slategray">## 我们可以清晰的看到  /dev/sdb1 , 格式化</span>
<span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1</span></code></span></span>

三、创建挂载点并更新 /etc/fstab

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:slategray">## Create a Mount Point</span>
<span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhosts ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># mkdir /data</span>

<span style="color:slategray">## Mount  /dev/sdb1 to /data</span>
<span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># mount /dev/sdb1 /data</span>

<span style="color:slategray">## Update /etc/fstab</span>
<span style="color:slategray"># vi /etc/fstab</span>

Append as follows:
/dev/sdb1       /data      ext4     defaults    1  2

Optional Task: Label the partition 
You can label the partition using e2label. For example, <span style="color:#0077aa">if</span> you want to label the new partition /backupDisk, enter
<span style="color:slategray"># e2label /dev/sdb1 /backupDisk</span></code></span></span>

系统挂载的一些限制：

根目录 / 是必须挂载的，而且一定要先于其他 mount point 被挂载
其他 mount point 必须为已建立的目录
所有 mount point 在同一时间之内，只能挂载一次
所有 partition 在同一时间之内，只能挂载一次
如若进行卸载（umount）, 必须先将工作目录切换到 mount point（及其子目录）之外

Linux环境中每个Block Device都有一个全局唯一的UUID，可以标识这个设备，我们可以在fstab中使用UUID替换设备名称（/dev/sd#）的方式。

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># cat /etc/fstab </span>

<span style="color:slategray">#</span>
<span style="color:slategray"># /etc/fstab</span>
<span style="color:slategray"># Created by anaconda on Sun Jul 26 23:00:18 2015</span>
<span style="color:slategray">#</span>
<span style="color:slategray"># Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'</span>
<span style="color:slategray"># See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info</span>
<span style="color:slategray">#</span>
UUID<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span>d1fde868-a435-4c70-b4a6-1ab336eab4ea /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span>848acf4f-4e8a-4a5a-a834-97335d66514a /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span>ac49dbf5-a20e-42c1-b915-a1632378dd6b swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span>5,mode<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span>620  0 0
sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0
proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
/dev/sdb1		/data			ext4	defaults	1 2</code></span></span>

我们可以看到，利用 UUID 也是可以进行挂载的。那么如何查看 Block Device 的UUID呢？块设备(block device)

1、首先使用lsblk命令可以清晰的获取全局的块设备布局。

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># lsblk</span>
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0     11:0    1 1024M  0 rom  
sda      8:0    0   15G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0  200M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0    1G  0 part <span style="color:#999999">[</span>SWAP<span style="color:#999999">]</span>
└─sda3   8:3    0 13.8G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0   10G  0 disk 
└─sdb1   8:17   0    5G  0 part /data</code></span></span>

2、使用blkid命令可以获取设备的UUID。或者 ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid

<span style="color:#333333"><span style="color:black"><code class="language-bash"><span style="color:#999999">[</span>root@localhost ~<span style="color:#999999">]</span><span style="color:slategray"># blkid</span>
/dev/sda1: UUID<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"848acf4f-4e8a-4a5a-a834-97335d66514a"</span> TYPE<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"ext4"</span> 
/dev/sda2: UUID<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"ac49dbf5-a20e-42c1-b915-a1632378dd6b"</span> TYPE<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"swap"</span> 
/dev/sda3: UUID<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"d1fde868-a435-4c70-b4a6-1ab336eab4ea"</span> TYPE<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"ext4"</span> 
/dev/sdb1: UUID<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"a02ef65b-2174-451f-800f-c4335cba5e61"</span> TYPE<span style="color:#9a6e3a">=</span><span style="color:#669900">"ext4"</span></code></span></span>

3、然后就可以复制UUID，进行挂载操作了

Oo璀璨星海oO

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