Semaphore和读写锁

Semaphore计数信号量，计数器不为0放线程，达到0，所有线程都呗阻塞，每一次请求，计数器减一，每次释放计数器加一，达到了0，新许可挂起。

package xylz.study.concurrency.lock;

import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class ObjectCache<T> {

    public interface ObjectFactory<T> {

        T makeObject();
    }

    class Node {

        T obj;

        Node next;
    }

    final int capacity;

    final ObjectFactory<T> factory;

    final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

    final Semaphore semaphore;

    private Node head;

    private Node tail;

    public ObjectCache(int capacity, ObjectFactory<T> factory) {
        this.capacity = capacity;
        this.factory = factory;
        this.semaphore = new Semaphore(this.capacity);
        this.head = null;
        this.tail = null;
    }

    public T getObject() throws InterruptedException {
        semaphore.acquire();
        return getNextObject();
    }

    private T getNextObject() {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            if (head == null) {
                return factory.makeObject();
            } else {
                Node ret = head;
                head = head.next;
                if (head == null) tail = null;
                ret.next = null;//help GC
                return ret.obj;
            }
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    private void returnObjectToPool(T t) {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            Node node = new Node();
            node.obj = t;
            if (tail == null) {
                head = tail = node;
            } else {
                tail.next = node;
                tail = node;
            }

        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }

    public void returnObject(T t) {
        returnObjectToPool(t);
        semaphore.release();
    }

}

公平信号获取方法

protected int tryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
    Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
    for (;;) {
        Thread first = getFirstQueuedThread();
        if (first != null && first != current)
            return -1;
        int available = getState();
        int remaining = available - acquires;
        if (remaining < 0 ||
            compareAndSetState(available, remaining))
            return remaining;
    }
}

非公平信号
剩余大于请求，那就释放

protected int tryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
    return nonfairTryAcquireShared(acquires);
}

final int nonfairTryAcquireShared(int acquires) {
    for (;;) {
        int available = getState();
        int remaining = available - acquires;
        if (remaining < 0 ||
            compareAndSetState(available, remaining))
            return remaining;
    }
}

读写锁：适合用在或多读或一写

public interface ReadWriteLock {
    Lock readLock();
    Lock writeLock();
}

看看读写锁实现的一个线程安全Map吧

package xylz.study.concurrency.lock;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;

public class SimpleConcurrentMap<K, V> implements Map<K, V> {

    final ReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();

    final Lock r = lock.readLock();

    final Lock w = lock.writeLock();

    final Map<K, V> map;

    public SimpleConcurrentMap(Map<K, V> map) {
        this.map = map;
        if (map == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    }

    public void clear() {
        w.lock();
        try {
            map.clear();
        } finally {
            w.unlock();
        }
    }

    public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
        r.lock();
        try {
            return map.containsKey(key);
        } finally {
            r.unlock();
        }
    }

    public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
        r.lock();
        try {
            return map.containsValue(value);
        } finally {
            r.unlock();
        }
    }

    public Set<java.util.Map.Entry<K, V>> entrySet() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    public V get(Object key) {
        r.lock();
        try {
            return map.get(key);
        } finally {
            r.unlock();
        }
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        r.lock();
        try {
            return map.isEmpty();
        } finally {
            r.unlock();
        }
    }

    public Set<K> keySet() {
        r.lock();
        try {
            return new HashSet<K>(map.keySet());
        } finally {
            r.unlock();
        }
    }

    public V put(K key, V value) {
        w.lock();
        try {
            return map.put(key, value);
        } finally {
            w.unlock();
        }
    }

    public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
        w.lock();
        try {
            map.putAll(m);
        } finally {
            w.unlock();
        }
    }

    public V remove(Object key) {
        w.lock();
        try {
            return map.remove(key);
        } finally {
            w.unlock();
        }
    }

    public int size() {
        r.lock();
        try {
            return map.size();
        } finally {
            r.unlock();
        }
    }

    public Collection<V> values() {
        r.lock();
        try {
            return new ArrayList<V>(map.values());
        } finally {
            r.unlock();
        }
    }

}

ReentrantReadWriteLock有几个特性:公平性，读线程间没有锁竞争，写操作可能立即获得锁，推迟一个或多个读操作或者系的操作。公平锁，利用AQS的CLH队列，释放当前保持的锁，优先为等待时间最长的写线程分配锁，假如一个写线程已经等待了，那么其他求锁的线程都要阻塞，直到被释放。获取写锁要先释放所有读锁，写线程获取写入锁可以子啊此获得读取锁，读线程获取读取锁不能获取写入锁。

下面是获取写入锁的片段

protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
//获取当前线程
    Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
    //总持有线程数量
    int c = getState();
    //写线程数
    int w = exclusiveCount(c);
    if (c != 0) {
    //写线程数为0（读就不为0），独占锁线程不是当前线程就返回失败。
        if (w == 0 || current != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
            return false;
            //如果写线程+尝试获取的线程数量超过最大允许，那就抛出异常
        if (w + exclusiveCount(acquires) > MAX_COUNT)
            throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
    }
    //总线程为0并且写线程也为0，并且当前线程需要阻塞，或者增加线程数失败也返回失败，
        if ((w == 0 && writerShouldBlock(current)) ||
        !compareAndSetState(c, c + acquires))
        return false;
        //成功了设置独占锁，返回true
    setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
    return true;
}

低十六位是写，所以exclusiveCount执行结果是写线程数量，也就是只获取低16位，最大值只能 是65535

static final int SHARED_SHIFT   = 16;
        static final int SHARED_UNIT    = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT);
        static final int MAX_COUNT      = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT) - 1;
        static final int EXCLUSIVE_MASK = (1 << SHARED_SHIFT) - 1;
 
        /** Returns the number of shared holds represented in count  */
        static int sharedCount(int c)    { return c >>> SHARED_SHIFT; }
        /** Returns the number of exclusive holds represented in count  */
        static int exclusiveCount(int c) { return c & EXCLUSIVE_MASK; }

写入锁释放逻辑片段，检测剩下写入锁数量，为0就是独占线程清空了。一定要记得set一下state

protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
    int nextc = getState() - releases;
    if (Thread.currentThread() != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
        throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
    if (exclusiveCount(nextc) == 0) {
        setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
        setState(nextc);
        return true;
    } else {
        setState(nextc);
        return false;
    }
}

读取锁的获取过程：

1. 写线程持有锁，独占线程部署当前线程，返回失败

protected final int tryAcquireShared(int unused) {
    Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
    // 获取“锁”的状态
    int c = getState();
    // 如果“锁”是“互斥锁”，并且获取锁的线程不是current线程；则返回-1。
    if (exclusiveCount(c) != 0 &&
        getExclusiveOwnerThread() != current)
        return -1;
    // 获取“读取锁”的共享计数
    int r = sharedCount(c);
    // 如果“不需要阻塞等待”，并且“读取锁”的共享计数小于MAX_COUNT；
    // 则通过CAS函数更新“锁的状态”，将“读取锁”的共享计数+1。
    if (!readerShouldBlock() &&
        r < MAX_COUNT &&
        compareAndSetState(c, c + SHARED_UNIT)) {
        // 第1次获取“读取锁”。
        if (r == 0) { 
            firstReader = current;
            firstReaderHoldCount = 1;
        // 如果想要获取锁的线程(current)是第1个获取锁(firstReader)的线程
        } else if (firstReader == current) { 
            firstReaderHoldCount++;
        } else {
            // HoldCounter是用来统计该线程获取“读取锁”的次数。
            HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
            if (rh == null || rh.tid != current.getId())
                cachedHoldCounter = rh = readHolds.get();
            else if (rh.count == 0)
                readHolds.set(rh);
            // 将该线程获取“读取锁”的次数+1。
            rh.count++;
        }
        return 1;
    }
    //如果被阻塞或者读取锁共享计数大于MAX_COUNT，死循环执行，直到获取为止
    return fullTryAcquireShared(current);
}

final int fullTryAcquireShared(Thread current) {
//最后一个获取读锁线程的计数器
    HoldCounter rh = null;
    for (;;) {
        // 获取“锁”的状态
        int c = getState();
        // 如果“锁”是“互斥锁”，并且获取锁的线程不是current线程；则返回-1。
        if (exclusiveCount(c) != 0) {
            if (getExclusiveOwnerThread() != current)
                return -1;
        // 如果“需要阻塞等待”。
        // (01) 当“需要阻塞等待”的线程是第1个获取锁的线程的话，则继续往下执行。
        } else if (readerShouldBlock()) {
            // 如果想要获取锁的线程(current)是第1个获取锁(firstReader)的线程
            if (firstReader == current) {
            } else {
                if (rh == null) {
                //最后一个线程获取锁的计数器
                    rh = cachedHoldCounter;
                    if (rh == null || rh.tid != current.getId()) {
                    //从ThreadLocal取出计数器
                        rh = readHolds.get();
                        if (rh.count == 0)
                            readHolds.remove();
                    }
                }
                // 如果当前线程获取锁的计数=0,表示没被阻塞则返回-1。
                if (rh.count == 0)
                    return -1;
            }
        }
        // 如果“不需要阻塞等待”，则获取“读取锁”的共享统计数；
        // 如果共享统计数超过MAX_COUNT，则抛出异常。
        if (sharedCount(c) == MAX_COUNT)
            throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
        // 将线程获取“读取锁”的次数+1。
        if (compareAndSetState(c, c + SHARED_UNIT)) {
            // 如果是第1次获取“读取锁”，则更新firstReader和firstReaderHoldCount。
            if (sharedCount(c) == 0) {
                firstReader = current;
                firstReaderHoldCount = 1;
            // 如果想要获取锁的线程(current)是第1个获取锁(firstReader)的线程，
            // 则将firstReaderHoldCount+1。
            } else if (firstReader == current) {
                firstReaderHoldCount++;
            } else {
                if (rh == null)
                    rh = cachedHoldCounter;
                if (rh == null || rh.tid != current.getId())
                    rh = readHolds.get();
                else if (rh.count == 0)
                    readHolds.set(rh);
                // 更新线程的获取“读取锁”的共享计数
                rh.count++;
                cachedHoldCounter = rh; // cache for release
            }
            return 1;
        }
    }
}

firstReader 是获取读锁的第一个线程。如果只有一个线程获取读锁，很明显，使用这样一个变量速度更快。
firstReaderHoldCount是 firstReader的计数器。同上。
cachedHoldCounter是最后一个获取到读锁的线程计数器，每当有新的线程获取到读锁，这个变量都会更新。这个变量的目的是：当最后一个获取读锁的线程重复获取读锁，或者释放读锁，就会直接使用这个变量，速度更快，相当于缓存。

释放读锁

protected final boolean tryReleaseShared(int unused) {
    HoldCounter rh = cachedHoldCounter;
    Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
    if (rh == null || rh.tid != current.getId())
        rh = readHolds.get();
    if (rh.tryDecrement() <= 0)
        throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
    for (;;) {
        int c = getState();
        int nextc = c - SHARED_UNIT;
        if (compareAndSetState(c, nextc))
            return nextc == 0;
    }
}

HoldCounter是当前读锁的共享锁数量，HoldCounter是绑定到线程的计数器。

static final class HoldCounter {
    int count;
    final long tid = Thread.currentThread().getId();
    int tryDecrement() {
        int c = count;
        if (c > 0)
            count = c - 1;
        return c;
    }
}

static final class ThreadLocalHoldCounter
    extends ThreadLocal<HoldCounter> {
    public HoldCounter initialValue() {
        return new HoldCounter();
    }
}