linux下的分区大小如何确定

原链：http://www.linuxsa.org.au/tips/disk-partitioning.html

http://linuxmafia.com/~karsten/Linux/FAQs/partition.html

How do I know what size to make my disk partitions?

This is one of the more often asked questions I hear. Usually the answer is "It depends", so here is my experience with partitioning Linux boxes for various applications over the last few years.

First of all it helps to know exactly what the file systems are all used for and where stuff goes. A good reference for this sort of thing is in the Linux Documentation Project's "System Administrator's Guide" or SAG. You can find a good bit of info on the file system here

Alternatively, if you have a copy of "A Practical Guide to Linux",then check out page 74.

Here is a brief rundown...

/       Root file system. Should just contain /bin, /sbin, /dev,
        /root,
        /lib, and /etc.
/usr    Programmes and source code.
/var    Variable data, such as spools, man pages, news and mail
        queues, database data.
/boot   Boot kernels.
/home   User data and "stuff".
/tmp    Temporary file locations

The / file system will never need to be more than 100Meg. Make it that.

The /usr file system will vary depending on how big your initial installation is and how much extra software you download. For a RedHat6.2 minimal install you'll be needing about 250 to 300 Meg (typical server), and for a full install you need around 1.5 Gig (typical workstation). Other distributions will need more or less, but this isa good guide. Any extra software you download may also go in this filesystem, so if you are planning installing an office suite or a cad package, be aware it that it may go in here.

If you are installing software to build from a tar ball or installing software that isn't part of a vendor's distribution, like an RPM or a DEB is, you will probably want to install it in the /usr/local filesystem. This file system is usually left untouched by the install at ionor upgrade process of a linux distribution and is ideal for installing third party software. If you plan on doing a lot of this, a separate partition is a great idea, because if you want to do a re-install rather than an upgrade, you can simply tell your distribution not to format the /usr/local file system when installing and you will leave your third party software in tact. The format of the /usr/local filesystem is almost identical to the / file system. Handy huh?

/usr/local/bin and /usr/local/sbin are also the correct place to put any scripts you may write after you have your system up and running.This is preferable to placing them in /usr/bin and /usr/sbin or even/bin and /sbin, as these should really be static and left the way the distribution intended them. It also makes backing up a system much easier if all your locally created scripts are in one convenient place.

The /var file system is the most varying file system, hence its name.The function of the machine will determine how much you need. For avanilla system, I recommend 400 Meg. This is usually sufficient for a workstation. If you are building a proxy server, you will need aseparate partition, but preferably a separate disk, for/var/spool/squid. The same goes for a mail server, except the filesystems of interest are /var/spool/mqueue and /var/spool/mail. The size of /var/spool/mail will depend on how much storage you want for user's mailboxes, and the size /var/spool/mqueue will depend on how much mail 'in transit' you wish to spool. Mail server's acting as a secondary MX might need a lot here.

There are other smaller directories in /var/spool that are ofinterest, so I would recommend a /var/spool of 300 to 500 Meg for anyserver application in conjunction with the /var of 400 Meg. For aworkstation you may be able to use the 400Meg /var partition to houseyour /var/spool as well, but it may pay to enlarge it a bit.

/var/log, as the name suggests, is the final resting place for logs.Once again the size of this will depend on the function of the system,but as a general rule it is highly recommended that you have aseparate /var/log to your /var partition, regardless of the machine'sfunction. This way any stray system logs that fill up will have noeffect on your system other than stopping logging. This goes for bothservers and workstations alike. If you are running a heavily loadedproxy, mail or web server, you will need heaps and heaps of disk spacehere. Fully loaded proxy servers in peering arrangements can easilygenerate hundreds of thousands of bytes of log files an hour. The samegoes for mail servers. The mail can come in and go out very quickly ona fast link, but the log files stay around. You also don't want aslash-dotted web site to fill up your logging directory, so carefulthought here will pay off in the future.

The /var file system is also often used for the storage of databasedata. /var/db or /var/lib is the file system that is used, and youwill need to keep this big enough to hold your data. Often a separatefast SCSI disk or RAID will make your database much faster. IO isoften the biggest bottleneck in database systems, and an IDE drive in/var/db or /var/lib wont help.

The /boot directory is probably the most useful file system, and oftenthe most forgotten. Having your kernels on a separate partition willmake rescuing a system that has crashed a whole lot easier. This meansthat booting the system and recovering the partitions can be attackedas two separate tasks. Having a small /boot in a primary partition isalso the best cure for the famous "I just installed linux and now allI get is 'LI'" LILO installation problems. LILO still has issues withhard drive space above 1024 cylinders. A small 20 Meg /boot partitionas the first primary partition on the system will alleviate this. Somedistributions, such as RedHat, are smart enough to assignautomatically the first primary partition to /boot for just thisreason.

/home is where you hang your hat. It is also where you "keep yourstuff". Files you download, projects, mail, documents, mp3's,everything. This is the equivalent of Windows' "My Documents","C:/download", the desktop, etc. Even if the system is only used byyou at your desk, and no-one else, you should still have your own homedirectory in the /home file system. Don't be tempted to add partitionsto the root file system such as /scripts, /downloads, etc. You arebreaking stuff when you do that. Linux is still a true multiuseroperating system, even if you are the only person using it. Try tokeep this in mind when building a partition table. This all starts tomake sense when you stop logging in as root, and start logging in as aregular user. It never ceases to amaze me how many people run X asroot. *sigh*.

Many distributions nowadays are geared towards easy and quick upgradesand everything has it's place. If you keep you stuff in /home/yournameand no-where else, you can be sure that when your next upgrade oflinux comes, you can just chuck in the CD and hit "upgrade" and yourMetallica mp3's will still be there when your system comes backon-line.

/home is also where the storage file system for a file server shouldgo. The same is true for web server pages, and ftp server data.Obviously if you are building a web server, have a separate/home/httpd file system on a nice fast SCSI disk. Same with /home/ftp.

Sometimes it's a great idea to have a separate /tmp directory, becausetemporary files can get out of control. Having /tmp on the samepartition as the root file system can cause problems if you scan a 60Meg picture into a graphics manipulation programme and it decides tostore it in /tmp.

The only other partition of major interest is the swap partition. Itis often a good idea to place this in the physical middle of thedrive. Then the heads have less far to travel to swap out data whenthe system gets loaded. Alternatively you can just throw more memoryat the problem.

Now I'll give you a few 'real life' examples of servers that Imaintain. The names have been changed to protect the innocent.

Here is my bog standard workstation. It runs X. It may get used forsome server functions in the future, so there is lot's of space ready.I even have a big block of space hanging of /mnt/tmp, and one day I'msure I'll think of a use for it.

[alex@workstation alex]$ df
Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda13               85530     34264     46850  42% /
/dev/hda1               101089      6802     89068   7% /boot
/dev/hda6              1517920    154616   1286196  11% /home
/dev/hda12             2150420        20   2041160   0% /mnt/tmp
/dev/hda10              248895        27    236018   0% /tmp
/dev/hda5              2016016   1292380    621224  68% /usr
/dev/hda7               758936     37592    682792   5% /var
/dev/hda9               497829       657    471470   0% /var/log
/dev/hda8               758936       292    720092   0% /var/spool

This next beast is a mail server. Note the use of separate drives for critical server file systems.

[alex@mail alex]$ df
Filesystem        1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda12            79941     39339     36474  52% /
/dev/sda1             21011      5463     14463  27% /boot
/dev/sda11           701636     43332    622664   7% /home
/dev/sda9            202031        13    191587   0% /tmp
/dev/sda5           1210800    456856    692436  40% /usr
/dev/sda7            496695      7069    463981   2% /var
/dev/sda6           1009724    197880    760552  21% /var/log
/dev/sda8            496695       982    470068   0% /var/spool
/dev/sdb1           4382932    766640   3393648  18% /var/spool/mail

Here is a proxy server. Mix of SCSI and IDE.

[root@proxy /root]# df
Filesystem        1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda11           101485     28799     67446  30% /
/dev/hda1             23393      2647     19538  12% /boot
/dev/hda7            199085      2101    186704   1% /home
/dev/hda8             81954       985     76737   1% /tmp
/dev/hda5            809556    170444    597988  22% /usr
/dev/hda6            199085      4243    184562   2% /var
/dev/hda10          1611224     10408   1518968   1% /var/log
/dev/sda1          17654736    354220  16403692   2% /var/spool/squid

When partitioning a machine for use, it is often a bad idea toinstall everything into a single / partition. Even if you don't needseparate partitions, the practice you get from partitioning disks andlearning how much space each partition needs in a given situation willbe invaluable when someone asks you to build a server for them. Spend a fewminutes before installation considering the functions of the machineyou are building and this will yield a useful and efficient partitiontable. The more often you do it the more of a feel you will get forhow much space your distribution needs for different tasks. Now thatyou have the above information there is no excuse for poorpartitioning, and you can help make the world a safer place for data!

Next time you see...

[lame@nothought /]$ df
Fileystem      1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/hda1       17654736   1354220  15403692   8% /

...you can do something about it!