一、基本概念
1、 文件,由许多Box和FullBox组成。
2、 Box,每个Box由Header和Data组成。
3、 FullBox,是Box的扩展,Box结构的基础上在Header中增加8bits version和24bits flags。
4、 Header,包含了整个Box的长度size和类型type。当size==0时,代表这是文件中最后一个Box;当size==1时,意味着Box长度需要更多bits来描述,在后面会定义一个64bits的largesize描述Box的长度;当type是uuid时,代表Box中的数据是用户自定义扩展类型。
5、 Data,是Box的实际数据,可以是纯数据也可以是更多的子Boxes。
6、 当一个Box的Data中是一系列子Box时,这个Box又可成为Container Box。
Box的结构用伪代码表示如下:
结构如下图:
文件基本结构描述图
二、MP4文件格式(ISO-14496-12/14)
MP4文件概述
MP4文件就是由各式各样的Box组成的,下表中列出了所有必选或可选的Box类型,√代表Box必选。
具体列表:
ftyp |
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| √ | file type and compatibility |
pdin |
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| progressive download information |
moov |
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| √ | container for all the metadata |
| mvhd |
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| √ | movie header, overall declarations |
| trak |
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| √ | container for an individual track or stream |
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| tkhd |
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| √ | track header, overall information about the track |
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| tref |
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| track reference container |
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| edts |
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| edit list container |
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| elst |
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| an edit list |
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| mdia |
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| √ | container for the media information in a track |
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| mdhd |
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| √ | media header, overall information about the media |
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| hdlr |
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| √ | handler, declares the media (handler) type |
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| minf |
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| √ | media information container |
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| vmhd |
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| video media header, overall information (video track only) |
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| smhd |
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| sound media header, overall information (sound track only) |
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| hmhd |
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| hint media header, overall information (hint track only) |
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| nmhd |
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| Null media header, overall information (some tracks only) |
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| dinf |
| √ | data information box, container |
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| dref | √ | data reference box, declares source(s) of media data in track |
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| stbl |
| √ | sample table box, container for the time/space map |
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| stsd | √ | sample descriptions (codec types, initialization etc.) |
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| stts | √ | (decoding) time-to-sample |
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| ctts |
| (composition) time to sample |
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| stsc | √ | sample-to-chunk, partial data-offset information |
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| stsz |
| sample sizes (framing) |
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| stz2 |
| compact sample sizes (framing) |
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| stco | √ | chunk offset, partial data-offset information |
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| co64 |
| 64-bit chunk offset |
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| stss |
| sync sample table (random access points) |
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| stsh |
| shadow sync sample table |
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| padb |
| sample padding bits |
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| stdp |
| sample degradation priority |
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| sdtp |
| independent and disposable samples |
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| sbgp |
| sample-to-group |
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| sgpd |
| sample group description |
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| subs |
| sub-sample information |
| mvex |
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| movie extends box |
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| mehd |
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| movie extends header box |
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| trex |
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| √ | track extends defaults |
| ipmc |
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| IPMP Control Box |
moof |
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| movie fragment |
| mfhd |
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| √ | movie fragment header |
| traf |
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| track fragment |
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| tfhd |
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| √ | track fragment header |
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| trun |
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| track fragment run |
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| sdtp |
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| independent and disposable samples |
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| sbgp |
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| sample-to-group |
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| subs |
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| sub-sample information |
mfra |
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| movie fragment random access |
| tfra |
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| track fragment random access |
| mfro |
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| √ | movie fragment random access offset |
mdat |
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| media data container |
free |
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| free space |
skip |
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| free space |
| udta |
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| user-data |
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| cprt |
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| copyright etc. |
meta |
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| metadata |
| hdlr |
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| √ | handler, declares the metadata (handler) type |
| dinf |
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| data information box, container |
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| dref |
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| data reference box, declares source(s) of metadata items |
| ipmc |
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| IPMP Control Box |
| iloc |
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| item location |
| ipro |
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| item protection |
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| sinf |
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| protection scheme information box |
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| frma |
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| original format box |
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| imif |
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| IPMP Information box |
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| schm |
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| scheme type box |
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| schi |
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| scheme information box |
| iinf |
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| item information |
| xml |
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| XML container |
| bxml |
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| binary XML container |
| pitm |
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| primary item reference |
| fiin |
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| file delivery item information |
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| paen |
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| partition entry |
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| fpar |
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| file partition |
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| fecr |
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| FEC reservoir |
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| segr |
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| file delivery session group |
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| gitn |
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| group id to name |
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| tsel |
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| track selection |
meco |
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| additional metadata container |
| mere |
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| metabox relation |
正式开始前先对文件的几个重要部分宏观介绍一下,以便诸位在后续学习时心中有数:
1、 ftypbox,在文件的开始位置,描述的文件的版本、兼容协议等;2、 moovbox,这个box中不包含具体媒体数据,但包含本文件中所有媒体数据的宏观描述信息,moov box下有mvhd和trak box。
>>mvhd中记录了创建时间、修改时间、时间度量标尺、可播放时长等信息。
>>trak中的一系列子box描述了每个媒体轨道的具体信息。
3、 moofbox,这个box是视频分片的描述信息。并不是MP4文件必须的部分,但在我们常见的可在线播放的MP4格式文件中(例如Silverlight Smooth Streaming中的ismv文件)确是重中之重。
4、 mdatbox,实际媒体数据。我们最终解码播放的数据都在这里面。
5、 mfrabox,一般在文件末尾,媒体的索引文件,可通过查询直接定位所需时间点的媒体数据。
附:Smooth Streaming中ismv文件结构,文件分为了多个Fragments,每个Fragment中包含moof和mdat。这样的结构符合渐进式播放需求。(mdat及其描述信息逐步传输,收齐一个Fragment便可播放其中的mdat)。