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dd命令功能很强大的，对于一些比较底层的问题，使用dd命令往往可以得到出人意料的效果。用的比较多的还是用dd来备份裸设备。但是不推荐，如果需要备份oracle裸设备，可以使用rman备份，或使用第三方软件备份，使用dd的话，管理起来不太方便。 建议 在有需要的时候使用dd 对物理磁盘操作，如果是文件系统的话还是使用tar backup cpio等其他命令更加方便。 另外，使用dd对磁盘操作时，最好使用块设备文件。 Description
The dd command reads the InFile parameter or standard input, does the specified conversions, then copies the converted data to the OutFile parameter or standard output. The input and output block size can be specified to take advantage of raw physical I/O. Note: The term Block refers to the quantity of data read or written by the dd command in one operation and is not necessarily the same size as a disk block.
if=file 输入文件名 标准输入确省
输入设备：infile参数指定或标准输入 实施指定的转换，然后复制转换数据到 outfile 参数指定 或标准输出。 输入块和输出块大小可以自己指定，但必须是磁盘物理块大小的倍数。
1 Usually, you need only write access to the output file. However, when the output file is not on a direct-access device and you use the seek flag, you also need read access to the file. 2 The dd command inserts new-line characters only when converting with the conv=ascii or conv=unblock flags set; it pads only when converting with the conv=ebcdic, conv=ibm, or conv=block flags set. 3 Use the backup, tar, or cpio command instead of the dd command whenever possible to copy files to tape. These commands are designed for use with tape devices. For more information on using tape devices, see the rmt special file. 4 The block size values specified with the bs, ibs and obs flags must always be a multiple of the physical block size for the media being used.
参数说明： bs=BlockSize Specifies both the input and output block size, superseding the ibs and obs flags. The block size values specified with the bs flag must always be a multiple of the physical block size for the media being used. 同时指定输入输出块大小，代替ibs和obs参数，块大小必须是 物理块的倍数。
cbs=BlockSize Specifies the conversion block size for variable-length to fixed- length and fixed-length to variable-length conversions, such as conv=block. 用于转换缓冲区大小
count=InputBlocks Copies only the number of input blocks specified by the InputBlocks variable. 只复制由count参数指定数量的输入块
conv= Conversion,.... Specifies one or more conversion options. Multiple conversions should be separated by commas. The following list describes the possible options: ascii Converts EBCDIC to ASCII. This option is incompatible with the ebcdic, ibm, block, and unblock options. block
Converts variable-length records to fixed-length. The length is determined by the conversion block size (cbs). This option is incompatible with the ascii, ebcdic, ibm, and unblock options. ebcdic Converts ASCII to standard EBCDIC. This option is incompatible with the ascii, ibm, block, and unblock options. ibm Converts ASCII to an IBM version of EBCDIC. This option is incompatible with the ascii, ebcdic, block, and unblock options. iblock, oblock Minimize data loss resulting from a read or write error on direct access devices. If you specify the iblock variable and an error occurs during a block read (where the block size is 512 or the size specified by the ibs=InputBlockSize variable), the dd command attempts to reread the data block in smaller size units. If the dd command can determine the sector size of the input device, it reads the damaged block one sector at a time. Otherwise, it reads it 512 bytes at a time. The input block size ( ibs) must be a multiple of this retry size. This option contains data loss associated with a read error to a single sector. The oblock conversion works similarly on output. lcase Makes all alphabetic characters lowercase. noerror Does not stop processing on an error. notrunc Does not truncate the output file. Instead, blocks not explicitly written to output are preserved. ucase Makes all alphabetic characters uppercase. swab Swaps every pair of bytes. sync Pads every input block to the ibs value. unblock Converts fixed-length blocks to variable-length. The length is determined by the conversion block size (cbs). This option is incompatible with the ascii, ebcdic, ibm, and block options. files=InputFiles Copies the number of files specified by the InputFiles variable value of input files before ending (makes sense only where input is a magnetic tape or similar device). 复制由inputfile指定的文件，在中断之前，对磁带设备有意义
fskip=SkipEOFs Skips past the number of end-of-file characters specified by the SkipEOFs variable before starting to copy; this SkipEOFs variable is useful for positioning on multifile magnetic tapes. 跳过磁带上的多个记录
ibs=InputBlockSize Specifies the input-block size; the default is 512 bytes or one block. The block-size values specified with the ibs flag must always be a multiple of the physical block size for the media being used. 同bs参数，但如果bs参数指定，就不需要再使用ibs参数
if=InFile Specifies the input file name; standard input is the default.
obs=OutputBlockSize Specifies the output-block size; the default is 512 bytes or one block. The block size values specified with the obs flag must always be a multiple of the physical block size for the media being used. 指定输出块大小
of=OutFile Specifies the output file name; standard output is the default.
seek=RecordNumber Seeks the record specified by the RecordNumber variable from the beginning of output file before copying. 在复制到of文件之前先查找由recordnumber指定的记录，一个记录的大小由bs参数指定， 注意是在of 上查找
skip=SkipInputBlocks Skips the specified SkipInputBlocks value of input blocks before starting to copy. 在复制之前跳过skipinputblocks指定的块，块大小由bs参数指定。 注意是在if上跳过
span=yes|no Allows spanning across devices if specified yes and works as default if specified as no. See Spanning Across Devices, for more information..
以下列几个例子：
标准输入到标准输出 F50:[/]#echo "123" | dd 123 0+1 records in. 0+1 records out.
先创建几个裸设备 F50:[/]#mkvg -y datavg hdisk1 Datavg F50:[/]#mklv -y raw -t raw datavg 5 raw F50:[/]#lsvg -l datavg datavg: LV NAME TYPE LPs PPs PVs LV STATE MOUNT POINT raw raw 5 5 1 closed/syncd N/A F50:[/]#mklv -y raw1 -t raw datavg 5 raw1 查看逻辑卷lvcb块信息，标准输入为逻辑卷raw，输出到标准输出 以下块大小为512字节，只复制1个块 F50:[/]#dd if=/dev/rraw count=1 | od -x 1+0 records in. 1+0 records out. 0000000 4149 5820 4c56 4342 0000 7261 7700 0000 0000020 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000040 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 3030 3061 6637 0000060 3064 3030 3030 3463 3030 3030 3030 3031 0000100 3061 0072 6177 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000120 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 * 0000200 0000 0054 6875 2041 7072 2032 3720 3134 0000220 3a35 343a 3539 2032 3030 360a 0000 0000 0000240 0054 6875 2041 7072 2032 3720 3134 3a35 0000260 343a 3539 2032 3030 360a 0000 0000 0041 0000300 4637 3044 3443 3030 0079 6d6d 0079 0020 0000320 0005 0001 4e6f 6e65 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000340 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 * 0000720 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 6461 3230 3066 0000740 3233 2e31 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000760 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001000 F50:[/]#dd if=/dev/raw bs=1 skip=80 count=8 |od –x 跳过80个字节且复制8个字节 0000000 0000 0000002 0000 0000 0000 0000010 8+0 records in. 8+0 records out.
使用dd在裸设备之间进行数据复制 F50:[/]#dd if=/dev/raw count=1 逻辑卷raw的 lvcb信息 AIX LVCBraw000af70d00004c000000010arawThu Apr 27 14:54:59 2006 Thu Apr 27 14:54:59 2006 AF70D4C00ymmy Noneda200f23.1 1+0 records in. 1+0 records out.
F50:[/]#dd if=/dev/raw1 count=1 逻辑卷raw1的lvcb信息 AIX LVCBraw000af70d00004c000000010araw1Thu Apr 27 14:55:22 2006 Thu Apr 27 14:55:22 2006 AF70D4C00ymmy Noneda200f23.2 1+0 records in. 1+0 records out.
F50:[/]#dd if=/dev/raw1 skip=1 count=1 第2个块没有信息 1+0 records in. 1+0 records out.
跳过raw1的第1个块，将raw的第lvcb信息复制到raw1的第2个块 F50:[/]#dd if=/dev/raw count=1 of=/dev/raw1 seek=1 1+0 records in. 1+0 records out. F50:[/]#dd if=/dev/raw1 skip=1 count=1 AIX LVCBraw000af70d00004c000000010arawThu Apr 27 14:54:59 2006 Thu Apr 27 14:54:59 2006 AF70D4C00ymmy Noneda200f23.1 1+0 records in. 1+0 records out. F50:[/]#dd if=/dev/raw1 count=1 AIX LVCBraw000af70d00004c000000010araw1Thu Apr 27 14:55:22 2006 Thu Apr 27 14:55:22 2006 AF70D4C00ymmy Noneda200f23.2 1+0 records in. 1+0 records out.
使用dd破坏lvcb信息，以此 验证dd 顺序读取磁盘 F50:[/]#more pvid.txt #!/usr/bin/ksh pvid=$1 disk=$2 set -A a `echo $pvid|/ awk ' { for (f=1; f <= length($0); f=f+2) { print "ibase=16/nobase=8/n"toupper(substr($0,f,2)) } }'|/ bc 2>/dev/null` /usr/bin/echo "/0"${a[0]}"/0"${a[1]}"/0"${a[2]}"/0"${a[3]}"/0"/ ${a[4]}"/0"${a[5]}"/0"${a[6]}"/0"${a[7]}"/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/c"|/ dd bs=1 seek=128 of=/dev/$disk F50:[/]#ls -al pvid.txt -rw-r----- 1 root system 341 Apr 21 18:07 pvid.txt 由于该文件只有341个字节，可以考虑大点的文件操作 F50:[/]#dd if=/pvid.txt bs=1024 of=/dev/raw 0+1 records in. 0+1 records out. F50:[/]#dd if=/dev/raw count=1 #!/usr/bin/ksh pvid=$1 disk=$2 set -A a `echo $pvid|/ awk ' { for (f=1; f <= length($0); f=f+2) { print "ibase=16/nobase=8/n"toupper(substr($0,f,2)) } }'|/ bc 2>/dev/null` /usr/bin/echo "/0"${a[0]}"/0"${a[1]}"/0"${a[2]}"/0"${a[3]}"/0"/ ${a[4]}"/0"${a[5]}"/0"${a[6]}"/0"${a[7]}"/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/0/c"|/ dd bs=1 seek=128 of=/dev/$diskda200f23.1 1+0 records in. 1+0 records out. F50:[/]#lsvg -l datavg datavg: LV NAME TYPE LPs PPs PVs LV STATE MOUNT POINT raw 5 5 1 closed/syncd N/A raw1 raw 5 5 1 closed/syncd N/A 由上看出 裸设备raw的lvcb信息已经被破坏，在下次importvg的时候将出现报警信息。 F50:[/]#importvg -y datavg hdisk1 0516-622 synclvodm: Warning, cannot write lv control block data. Datavg 这在许多数据库中 经常出现这种情况，数据库会直接去读写裸设备的前512个字节，所以就容易导致出现以上的错误，但是并不影响数据库的运行。 可以再次使用dd 将其从raw1上的第2块上复制回来， F50:[/]#dd if=/dev/raw1 skip=1 count=1 AIX LVCBraw000af70d00004c000000010arawThu Apr 27 14:54:59 2006 Thu Apr 27 14:54:59 2006 AF70D4C00ymmy Noneda200f23.1 1+0 records in. 1+0 records out. F50:[/]#dd if=/dev/raw1 skip=1 count=1 of=/dev/raw 1+0 records in. 1+0 records out. F50:[/]#varyoffvg datavg F50:[/]#exportvg datavg F50:[/]#importvg -y datavg hdisk1 Datavg 没有出现报警信息
dd备份裸设备到磁带 需要注意的几个方面： 1， 磁带的块大小 2， 恢复的时候注意不要把lvcb覆盖 偷点懒，直接复制ibm的·· 1.备份裸的逻辑卷的步骤： 2.恢复备份的裸逻辑卷数据的步骤：
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