数据库面试题

希望今天开这个博客的选择是正确的,以后回头看的时候不是嘲笑自己而是感谢今天的坚持!

感谢涛涛,亦师亦友我的小可爱,姐姐爱你~~

Student(S#,Sname,Sage,Ssex)学生表
S#:学号
Sname:学生姓名
Sage:学生年龄
Ssex:学生性别
Course(C#,Cname,T#)课程表
C#:课程编号
Cname:课程名称
T#:教师编号
SC(S#,C#,score)成绩表
S#:学号
C#:课程编号
score:成绩
Teacher(T#,Tname)教师表
T#:教师编号:
Tname:教师名字

问题:

1、查询“001”课程比“002”课程成绩高的所有学生的学号
select a.S# from (select S#,score from SC where C#='001')a, (select s#,score from SC where c#='002')b Where a.score>b.score and a.s# = b.s#;
自身连接,定义多表时,列名前都要加表名,不加最后a.S#=b.S#  答案重复四遍,加distinct得到一样效果,还不是理解具体运作原理。
2、查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩
select S#, avg(score) from sc group by S# having avg(score)>60
直接打平均数保留了后六位,如何控制小数

第一句改为  SELECT S#,Convert(decimal(18,2),AVG(SCORE))  可将小数控制在两位

用round()函数时,有效位数之后有0

1. 使用 Round() 函数,如 Round(@num,2)  参数 2 表示 保留两位有效数字。

2. 更好的方法是使用 Convert(decimal(18,2),@num) 实现转换,decimal(18,2) 指定要保留的有效数字。

这两个方法有一点不同:使用 Round() 函数,如果 @num 是常数,如 Round(2.3344,2) 则 会在把有效数字后面的 变为0 ,成 2.3300。但 Convert() 函数就不会。

@num是变量比如本题中的AVG(SCORE)

3、查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩
select student.S#, student.Sname, count(sc.C#), sum(score) from student left outer join SC on student.S# = SC.S# group by Student.S#, Sname
外连接 left outer join 表名 on 条件

GROUP BY 分组目的是为了细化聚集函数的作用对象

4、查询姓‘李’的老师的个数:
select count(distinct(Tname)) 
from teacher 
where tname like '李%';
LIKE后面的匹配串中不含通配符%和_时才可以用=替代    !=和<>可替代NOT LIKE
5、查询没有学过“叶平”老师可的同学的学号、姓名:
select student.S#, student.Sname 
from Student 
where S# not in (select distinct(SC.S#) from SC,Course,Teacher 
where sc.c#=course.c# AND teacher.T#=course.T# AND Teahcer.Tname ='叶平');
where后面不能用,要用and连接条件

本题如何用exists实现?书中说所有的in都可以用exists实现

6、查询学过“叶平”老师所教的所有课的同学的学号、姓名:
select S#,Sname   from Student    
where S# in (select S# from SC ,Course ,Teacher 
where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# 
and Teacher.Tname='叶平' group by S# 
having count(SC.C#)=(select count(C#) from Course,Teacher  
where Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Tname='叶平'));
三层嵌套,细心,注意逻辑
7、查询学过“011”并且也学过编号“002”课程的同学的学号、姓名:
select Student.S#,Student.Sname 
from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# 
and SC.C#='001'and 
exists( Select * from SC as SC_2 where SC_2.S#=SC.S# and SC_2.C#='002');
按如上做法注意内层查询的sc的定义
可以用集合查询 并操作union 交操作intersect 差操作 except

本题用intersect

8、查询课程编号“002”的成绩比课程编号“001”课程低的所有同学的学号、姓名:
Select S#,Sname 
from (select Student.S#,Student.Sname,score ,
(select score from SC SC_2 where SC_2.S#=Student.S# and SC_2.C#='002') score2    
from Student,SC 
where Student.S#=SC.S# and C#='001') S_2 
where score2 < score; 
Select S#,Sname 
from (select Student.S#,Student.Sname,score ,(select score 
                                                                                   from SC SC_2 
           where SC_2.S#=Student.S# and SC_2.C#='002') score2    
         from Student,SC 
          where Student.S#=SC.S# and C#='001') S_2 
where score2 < score; 
文中答案整理如上,定义一个表s_2,在表中定义了一个列002课程的分数,
以下执行得到很多重复结果,不理解内部查询原理,总是造成类似错误。。
SELECT STUDENT.S#,SNAME,score001.score,score002.score
FROM STUDENT,SC,(SELECT SCORE
                 FROM SC,STUDENT
WHERE STUDENT.S#=SC.S# AND SC.C#=001) AS SCORE001,
(SELECT SCORE
FROM SC,STUDENT
WHERE STUDENT.S#=SC.S# AND SC.C#=002) AS SCORE002
WHERE STUDENT.S#=SC.S# AND SCORE001.score>SCORE002.score

9、查询所有课程成绩小于60的同学的学号、姓名:
select S#, sname 
from student 
where s# not in 
(select student.s# from student, sc where student.s# = sc.s# and score>60);
涛涛给的答案
Select b.S#,max(Student.Sname)
From sc b,  Student
Where b.s# not in (Select S# From SC Where Sc.score>60 Group by S#) and  b.S# =Student.S#
group by  b.S#
以下是错误的:

Select student.S#,sname
from student,sc,(select c#
                 from sc,student
where student.s#=sc.s# and sc.score<60)c
group by student.s#

having student.s#=sc.s# and count(c.c#)=count(sc.c#)

消息 8121,级别 16,状态 1,第 6 行

HAVING 子句中的列 'sc.S#' 无效,因为该列没有包含在聚合函数或 GROUP BY 子句中。

理解group by having 的限制条件到底是什么
10、查询没有学全所有课的同学的学号、姓名:
select student.s#, student.sname 
from student, sc
where student.s#=sc.s# 
group by student.s#, student.sname 
having count(c#)<(select count(c#) from course);
不能在count里面嵌套子查询
11、查询至少有一门课与学号为“1001”同学所学相同的同学的学号和姓名:
select s#, Sname 
from Student, SC 
where student.s# = sc.s# 
and c# in (select c# from SC where s#='1001');
加DISTINCT
12、查询至少学过学号为“001”同学所有一门课的其他同学学号和姓名;
select distinct sc.s# , sname 
from student, sc 
where student.s#=sc.s# 
and c# in (select C# from sc where s#='001');
select distinct student.s#,sname
from student,sc
where student.s#=sc.s# and sc.s#!='1001' and 
sc.c# in(select c# from sc where s#='1001')

13、把“SC”表中“叶平”老师教的课的成绩都更改为此课程的平均成绩:
Update Sc Set Score=(Select Avg(s2_Score) From sc s2 Where s2.c#=sc.c#)  
Where c# IN
(Select c# From sc cs INNER JOIN Teacher tc ON cs.t#=tc.t# WHERE tname ='叶平')
聚合函数不应出现在 UPDATE 语句的集合列表中。

当子查询跟随在 =、!=、<、<=、>、>= 之后,或子查询用作表达式时,子查询返回多值不可以用=

14、查询和“1002”号的同学学习的课程完全相同的其他同学学号和姓名:
select s# from sc where c#  in 
(select c# from sc where s#='1002') 
group by s# having count(*)=
(select count(*) from sc where s#='1002');

15、删除学习“叶平”老师课的SC表记录:
delete sc 
from course, Teacher 
where course.c#=sc.c# 
and course.t#=teacher.t# 
and tname='叶平';
另一种写法如下:
delete 
from sc
 where sc.c# in (select c# from course,teacher where course.t#=teacher.t# and tname='叶平')

16、向SC表中插入一些记录,这些记录要求符合以下条件:没有上过编号“002”课程的同学学号、002号课的平均成绩:
Insert SC select S#,'002',
(Select avg(score) from SC where C#='002') 
from Student where S# not in (Select S# from SC where C#='002');
17、按平均成绩从高到低显示所有学生的“数据库”、“企业管理”、“英语”三门的课程成绩,按如下形式显示:学生ID,数据库,企业管理,英语,有效课程数,有效平均分:
select s# as 学生ID,
(select score from sc where sc.s#=t.s# and c#='004') as 数据库,
(select score from sc where sc.s#=t.s# and c#='001') as 企业管理,
(select score from sc where sc.s#=t.s# and c#='006') as 英语,
count(*) as 有效课程数, avg(t.score) as 平局成绩
from sc as t
group by s# 
order by avg(t.score)
为什么定义sc表为t表,能起到什么作用?不加此定义不能实现!

因为需要另外假设出一个表来求平均分,自身连接。

18、查询各科成绩最高和最低的分: 以如下的形式显示:课程ID,最高分,最低分
Select a.C#, a.Score, b.Score From SC a, sc b
Where a.c# = b.C# and
a.score = (Select max(C.score) From Sc c Where C.c# = a.c# Group by C.c#) and
b.score = (Select min(d.score) From Sc d Where d.c# = b.c# Group by d.c#) 
Group by a.C#, a.Score, b.score
19、按各科平均成绩从低到高和及格率的百分数从高到低顺序:
SELECT t.C# AS 课程号,
max(course.Cname)AS 课程名,
isnull(AVG(score),0) AS 平均成绩,
100 * SUM(CASE WHEN  isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) AS 及格百分数     
FROM SC T,Course     
where t.C#=course.C#     
GROUP BY t.C#      
ORDER BY 100 * SUM(CASE WHEN  isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) DESC 

可以不用t,直接sc.列名也可以

注意 case when ...then 1 else 0 end

SNULL
   使用指定的替换值替换 NULL。
语法
      :ISNULL ( check_expression , replacement_value )
参数
   check_expression  将被检查是否为 NULL的表达式。如果不为NULL,这直接返回 该值,也就是 check_expression 这个表达式。如果为空这个直接返回 replacement_value这个表达的内容。。。。check_expression 可以是任何类型的
replacement_value
在 check_expression 为 NULL时将返回的表达式。replacement_value 必须与 check_expresssion 具有相同的类型。
返回类型
       返回与 check_expression 相同的类型。
注释
如果 check_expression 不为 NULL,那么返回该表达式的值;否则返回 replacement_value

20、查询如下课程平均成绩和及格率的百分数(用”1行”显示): 企业管理(001),马克思(002),OO&UML (003),数据库(004):

用一行显示是什么意思?

21、查询不同老师所教不同课程平均分从高到低显示:
 SELECT max(Z.T#) AS 教师ID,
 MAX(Z.Tname) AS 教师姓名,
 C.C# AS 课程ID,
 AVG(Score) AS 平均成绩     
 FROM SC AS T,Course AS C ,Teacher AS Z    
 where T.C#=C.C# and C.T#=Z.T#   
 GROUP BY C.C#    
 ORDER BY AVG(Score) DESC
22、查询如下课程成绩第3名到第6名的学生成绩单:企业管理(001),马克思(002),UML(003),数据库(004):

Select a1.s#,a1.score as 企业管理
From (Select top 5 * from SC Where SC.C# = '001' ORDER by SC.score DESC)a1 
Where a1.S# Not in (Select top 2 a2.S# 
                     From (Select top 5 *
      from SC 
      Where SC.C# = '001'
   ORDER by SC.score DESC)a2)

23、统计下列各科成绩,各分数段人数:课程ID,课程名称,[100-85],[85-70],[70-60],[ 小于60] :
SELECT SC.C# as 课程ID, Cname as 课程名称,
SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 85 AND 100 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [100 - 85]  ,
SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 70 AND 85 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [85 - 70],
SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 60 AND 70 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [70 - 60],
SUM(CASE WHEN score < 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [60 -]     
FROM SC,Course     
where SC.C#=Course.C#     
GROUP BY SC.C#,Cname;

between 小数 and 大数
24、查询学生平均成绩及其名次:
SELECT 1+(SELECT COUNT( distinct 平均成绩)                
FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) AS 平均成绩                       
FROM SC                   
GROUP BY S#  ) AS T1  WHERE 平均成绩 > T2.平均成绩) as 名次,       
S# as 学生学号,平均成绩      
FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) 平均成绩             
FROM SC         
GROUP BY S# ) AS T2      
ORDER BY 平均成绩 desc; 
25、查询各科成绩前三名的记录(不考虑成绩并列情况):
SELECT t1.S# as 学生ID,t1.C# as 课程ID,Score as 分数       
FROM SC t1        
WHERE score IN 
(SELECT TOP 3 score               
FROM SC               
WHERE t1.C#= C#             
ORDER BY score DESC)        
26、查询每门课程被选修的学生数:
select c#, count(s#) 
from sc 
group by c#;
27、查询出只选修一门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名:
select sc.s#, student.sname, count(c#) as 选课数
from sc,student 
where sc.s# =student.s# 
group by sc.s#,Student.sname 
having count(c#)=1;
28、查询男生、女生人数:
select count(Ssex) as 男生人数 
from student 
group by Ssex 
having Ssex='男';
select count(Ssex) as 女生人数 
from student 
group by Ssex 
having Ssex='女';
29、查询姓“张”的学生名单:
select sname 
from student 
where sname like '张%';
30、查询同名同姓的学生名单,并统计同名人数:
select sanme,count(*) 
from student 
group by sname 
havang count(*)>1;
31、1981年出生的学生名单(注:student表中sage列的类型是datetime):
select sname, convert(char(11),DATEPART(year,sage)) as age
from student 
where convert(char(11),DATEPART(year,Sage))='1981';
32、查询平均成绩大于85的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩:
select Sname,SC.S# ,avg(score)     
from Student,SC      
where Student.S#=SC.S# 
group by SC.S#,Sname 
having    avg(score)>85;
33、查询每门课程的平均成绩,结果按平均成绩升序排序,平均成绩相同时,按课程号降序排列:
select C#, avg(score) 
from sc 
group by c# 
order by avg(score), c# desc;
34、查询课程名称为“数据库”,且分数低于60的学生名字和分数:
select sname, isnull(score,0) 
from student, sc ,course 
where sc.s#=student.s#  and sc.c#=course.c# and course.cname='数据库' and score<60;
35、查询所有学生的选课情况:
select sc.s#,sc.c#,sname,cname 
from sc,student course 
where sc.s#=student.s# and sc.c#=course.c#;
36、查询任何一门课程成绩在70分以上的姓名、课程名称和分数:
select distinct student.s#,student.sname,sc.c#,sc.score 
from student,sc 
where sc.score>=70 and sc.s#=student.s#;
37、查询不及格的课程,并按课程号从大到小的排列:
select c# 
from sc 
where score<60 
order by c#;
38、查询课程编号为“003”且课程成绩在80分以上的学生的学号和姓名:
select sc.s#,student.sname 
from sc,student 
where sc.s#=student.s# and score>80 and c#='003';
39、求选了课程的学生人数:
select count(*) from sc;
40、查询选修“叶平”老师所授课程的学生中,成绩最高的学生姓名及其成绩:
select student.sname,score 
from student,sc,course c, teacher 
where student.s#=sc.S# and sc.c#=c.c#
and c.T#=teacher.T#
and teacher.tname='叶平' 
and sc.score=(select max(score) from sc where c#=c.c#);
41、查询各个课程及相应的选修人数:
select count(*) from sc group by c#;
42、查询不同课程成绩相同的学生和学号、课程号、学生成绩:
select distinct a.s#,b.score 
from sc a ,sc b 
where a.score=b.score 
and a.c#<>b.c#;
43、查询每门课程成绩最好的前两名:
select t1.s# as 学生ID,t1.c#  课程ID, Score as 分数
from sc t1 
where score in (select top 2 score from sc 
        where t1.c#=c#
        order by score desc)
order by t1.c#;
44、统计每门课程的学生选修人数(超过10人的课程才统计)。要求输出课程号和选修人数,查询结果按人数降序排序,若人数相同,按课程号升序排序:
select c# as 课程号,count(*) as 人数
from sc 
group by c#
order by count(*) desc c#;
45、检索至少选修两门课程的学生学号:
select s# 
from sc 
group by s# 
having count(*)>=2;
46、查询全部学生选修的课程和课程号和课程名:
select c# ,cname
from course 
where c# in (select c# from sc group by c#);
47、查询没学过”叶平”老师讲授的任一门课程的学生姓名:
select sname 
from student 
where s# not in (select s# from course,teacher,sc where course.t#=teacher.t# and sc.c#=course.c# 
and tname='叶平');
48、查询两门以上不及格课程的同学的学号以及其平均成绩:
select s#,avg(isnull(score,0)) 
from sc 
where s# in (select s# from sc where score<60 group by s# having count(*)>2)
group by s#;
49、检索“004”课程分数小于60,按分数降序排列的同学学号:
select s# 
from sc 
where c#='004' 
and score<60 
order by score desc;
50、删除“002”同学的“001”课程的成绩:
delect from sc 
where s#='002' 
and c#='001';

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