Ulid
ULID :Universally Unique Lexicographically Sortable Identifier(通用唯一词典分类标识符)
c# 实现库 : https://github.com/Cysharp/Ulid
ULID特性
ulid() # 01ARZ3NDEKTSV4RRFFQ69G5FAV
- 与UUID的128位兼容性
- 每毫秒1.21e + 24个唯一ULID
- 按字典顺序(也就是字母顺序)排序!
- 规范地编码为26个字符串,而不是UUID的36个字符
- 使用Crockford的base32获得更好的效率和可读性(每个字符5位)
- 不区分大小写
- 没有特殊字符(URL安全)
- 单调排序顺序(正确检测并处理相同的毫秒)
二进制布局和字节顺序
组件被编码为16个八位位组。每个组件都以最高有效字节在前(网络字节顺序)进行编码。
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 32_bit_uint_time_high |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 16_bit_uint_time_low | 16_bit_uint_random |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 32_bit_uint_random |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 32_bit_uint_random |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
应用场景
替换数据库自增id,无需DB参与主键生成
分布式环境下,替换UUID,全局唯一且毫秒精度有序
比如要按日期对数据库进行分区分表,可以使用ULID中嵌入的时间戳来选择正确的分区分表
如果毫秒精度是可以接受的(毫秒内无序),可以按照ULID排序,而不是单独的created_at字段
IdGenerator
Seata 优化的雪花算法
csharp 移植代码
public class IdGenerator
{
private readonly long twepoch = 1588435200000L;
private const int workerIdBits = 10;
private const int timestampBits = 41;
private const int sequenceBits = 12;
private const int maxWorkerId = ~(-1 << workerIdBits);
private long workerId;
private long timestampAndSequence;
private readonly long timestampAndSequenceMask = ~(-1L << (timestampBits + sequenceBits));
public static readonly IdGenerator Instance = new IdGenerator(GenerateWorkerId());
public IdGenerator(long workerId)
{
InitTimestampAndSequence();
InitWorkerId(workerId);
}
private void InitTimestampAndSequence()
{
long timestamp = GetNewestTimestamp();
long timestampWithSequence = timestamp << sequenceBits;
this.timestampAndSequence = timestampWithSequence;
}
private void InitWorkerId(long workerId)
{
if (workerId > maxWorkerId || workerId < 0)
{
string message = string.Format("worker Id can't be greater than {0} or less than 0", maxWorkerId);
throw new ArgumentException(message);
}
this.workerId = workerId << (timestampBits + sequenceBits);
}
public long NextId()
{
WaitIfNecessary();
long next = Interlocked.Increment(ref timestampAndSequence);
long timestampWithSequence = next & timestampAndSequenceMask;
return workerId | timestampWithSequence;
}
public static long NewId()
{
return Instance.NextId();
}
private void WaitIfNecessary()
{
long currentWithSequence = timestampAndSequence;
long current = currentWithSequence >> sequenceBits;
long newest = GetNewestTimestamp();
if (current >= newest)
{
Thread.Sleep(5);
}
}
private long GetNewestTimestamp()
{
return DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.ToUnixTimeMilliseconds() - twepoch;
}
public static long GenerateWorkerId()
{
try
{
return GenerateWorkerIdBaseOnK8S();
}
catch (Exception)
{
try
{
return GenerateWorkerIdBaseOnMac();
}
catch (Exception)
{
return GenerateRandomWorkerId();
}
}
}
public static long GenerateWorkerIdBaseOnMac()
{
IEnumerable<NetworkInterface> all = NetworkInterface.GetAllNetworkInterfaces();
foreach (NetworkInterface networkInterface in all)
{
bool isLoopback = networkInterface.NetworkInterfaceType == NetworkInterfaceType.Loopback;
//bool isVirtual = networkInterface.;
//if (isLoopback || isVirtual)
if (isLoopback)
{
continue;
}
byte[] mac = networkInterface.GetPhysicalAddress().GetAddressBytes();
return ((mac[4] & 0B11) << 8) | (mac[5] & 0xFF);
}
throw new Exception("no available mac found");
}
public static long GenerateWorkerIdBaseOnK8S()
{
return GenerateWorkerIdBaseOnString(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("K8S_POD_ID"));
}
public static long GenerateWorkerIdBaseOnString(string str)
{
ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(str, nameof(str));
int hashValue = 0;
int cc = 2 << (workerIdBits - 1);
foreach (char c in str)
{
hashValue = (hashValue * 31 + c) % cc;
}
return hashValue + 1;
}
public static long GenerateRandomWorkerId()
{
return Random.Shared.NextInt64(maxWorkerId + 1);
}
}
YitIdHelper
开源库 https://github.com/yitter/IdGenerator
❄ 这是优化的雪花算法(雪花漂移),它生成的ID更短、速度更快。
❄ 支持 k8s 等容器环境自动扩容(自动注册 WorkerId),可在单机或分布式环境生成数字型唯一ID。
Guid
Guid 结构 (System) | Microsoft Learn
全局唯一标识符(GUID,Globally Unique Identifier)是一种由算法生成的二进制长度为128位的数字标识符。GUID主要用于在拥有多个节点、多台计算机的网络或系统中。
Nanoid
开源库 https://github.com/codeyu/nanoid-net
一个小巧、安全、URL友好、唯一的字符串ID生成器。
“一个惊人的无意义的完美主义水平,这简直让人无法不敬佩。”
- 小巧. 130字节 (经过压缩和gzip处理)。没有依赖。Size Limit 控制大小。
- 安全. 它使用硬件随机生成器。可在集群中使用。
- 紧凑. 它使用比 UUID(A-Za-z0-9_-)更大的字母表。因此,ID 大小从36个符号减少到21个符号。
- 可移植. Nano ID 已被移植到 20种编程语言。
Nano ID 与 UUID v4 (基于随机数) 相当。 它们在 ID 中有相似数量的随机位 (Nano ID 为126,UUID 为122),因此它们的碰撞概率相似::
要想有十亿分之一的重复机会, 必须产生103万亿个版本4的ID.
Nano ID 和 UUID v4之间有两个主要区别:
Nano ID 使用更大的字母表,所以类似数量的随机位 被包装在21个符号中,而不是36个。
Nano ID 代码比 uuid/v4 包少 4倍: 130字节而不是423字节.
性能测试代码
[AllStatisticsColumn]
public class IdGeneratorTest
{
public IdGeneratorTest()
{
var options = new IdGeneratorOptions()
{
WorkerId = 55,
WorkerIdBitLength = 6,
SeqBitLength = 12,
};
YitIdHelper.SetIdGenerator(options);
}
[Benchmark]
public long IdGeneratorNewId() => IdGenerator.NewId();
[Benchmark]
public long YitIdHelperNextId() => YitIdHelper.NextId();
[Benchmark]
public string NewGuid() => Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
[Benchmark]
public string NanoidGenerate() => Nanoid.Generate();
[Benchmark]
public string NewUlid() => Ulid.NewUlid().ToString();
}
结果
BenchmarkDotNet v0.13.12, Windows 11 (10.0.22000.2538/21H2/SunValley)
Intel Core i7-10700 CPU 2.90GHz, 1 CPU, 16 logical and 8 physical cores
.NET SDK 8.0.100
[Host] : .NET 8.0.0 (8.0.23.53103), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
DefaultJob : .NET 8.0.0 (8.0.23.53103), X64 RyuJIT AVX2
Method | Mean | Error | StdDev | StdErr | Median | Min | Q1 | Q3 | Max | Op/s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IdGeneratorNewId | 243.39 ns | 3.468 ns | 3.244 ns | 0.837 ns | 244.00 ns | 237.82 ns | 241.23 ns | 245.76 ns | 247.94 ns | 4,108,554.1 |
SIdGeneratorNewId | 90.68 ns | 0.645 ns | 0.571 ns | 0.153 ns | 90.62 ns | 89.52 ns | 90.30 ns | 91.07 ns | 91.83 ns | 11,027,339.7 |
YitIdHelperNextId | 241.24 ns | 66.403 ns | 195.790 ns | 19.579 ns | 431.44 ns | 42.29 ns | 42.47 ns | 432.25 ns | 433.03 ns | 4,145,275.0 |
NewGuid | 74.77 ns | 0.575 ns | 0.480 ns | 0.133 ns | 74.56 ns | 74.03 ns | 74.48 ns | 75.05 ns | 75.66 ns | 13,374,344.2 |
NanoidGenerate | 174.51 ns | 2.040 ns | 1.909 ns | 0.493 ns | 173.68 ns | 171.78 ns | 173.11 ns | 175.80 ns | 178.33 ns | 5,730,341.9 |
NewUlid | 54.37 ns | 0.190 ns | 0.169 ns | 0.045 ns | 54.36 ns | 54.17 ns | 54.25 ns | 54.44 ns | 54.71 ns | 18,391,966.4 |
ps: 之前少了 ulid,现已补上, 换用 .net8之后 guid 有明显性能变化,而其余算法可能由于自身设计,没有明显变化