运算符重载

转载:http://www.jb51.net/article/54268.htm


本文较为详细的描述了重载运算符的方法。一般来说,重载运算符在实际的项目开发中会经常的用到,但如果某些自定义类型通过简短几行代码重载一些常用的运算符(如:+-*/),就能让编程工作带来方便;重载运算符就是告诉编译器+-*/等运算符对于自定义类型进行什么样的操作,在代码中需要注意几点。

一、尽可能的不要改变运算符本身的含义

二、所有的运算符重载都必须声明为public和static

三、不同于扩展方法,所重载的方法必须是在被重载的类型内部,且用关键字operator

C#中的两个字符串相加,实际上是连接两个字符串,假如有两个EmployeeDetail类型相加得到一个EmployeeCollection集合,如:

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EmployeeDetail a,b;
 
....
 
EmployeeCollection collection = a+b;

当编译器遇到上面的代码时就会自动调用EmployeeDetail类上标有operator +的静态方法,并将两个操作数a和b作为参数传递给对于的方法,该方法需要方法一个值赋给collection,假设EmployeeDetail类有三个属性分别是FirstName,MiddleName,LastName,还重写了ToString方法返回一个连接这三个名称的字符串,代码如:

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[Serializable]
  public class EmployeeDetail
  {
    public string FirstName { get ; set ; }
    public string MiddleName { get ; set ; }
    public string LastName { set ; get ; }
    public override string ToString()
    {
      return string .Format( "{0}{1}{2}{3}{4}" , FirstName, string .IsNullOrWhiteSpace(MiddleName) ? null : "."
        , MiddleName
        , string .IsNullOrWhiteSpace(LastName) ? null : "." ,
        LastName).Trim();
    }
  }

下面的代码为“+”运算符提供支持的运算符重载:

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public static EmployeeCollection operator +(EmployeeDetail a, EmployeeDetail b)
{
   return new EmployeeCollection() { a, b };
}

OK,给EmployeeDetail类加上这样的一个方法之后,我们就可以像下面那个写代码了:

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EmployeeCollection collection = new EmployeeDetail(){FirstName= "Jackson" ,LastName= "Bruce" } + new EmployeeDetail(){FirstName= "Michael" ,LastName= "Jackson" } ;

但是这样还不够完美,假设a,b,c都是EmployeeDetail类型,下面的代码会抛出一个编译错误:

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EmployeeCollection collection = a + b + c;

为什么编译不通过呢?大家都知道除了赋值运算符外表达式是从左到右执行的,a+b返回的是EmployeeCollection类型,EmployeeCollection类型并没有重载“+”运算符,编译器不知道要执行什么操作,所以我们还有下面的两个方法:

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public static EmployeeCollection operator +(EmployeeCollection collection, EmployeeDetail a)
{
   collection.Add(a);
   return collection;
}
public static EmployeeCollection operator +(EmployeeDetail a, EmployeeCollection collection)
{
   return collection + a;
}

这看起来似乎已经很完美了,但我们还可以做得更好一些,比如要将字符串“Jackson.Bruce”直接隐式转换为EmployeeDetail类型,也就是说可以将“Jackson.Bruce"这种格式的字符串直接赋给EmployeeDetail类型的对象,如:EmployeeDetail employee= “Jackson.Bruce",那么就需要隐式重载类型转换运算符了(“类型转换”运算符:ClassType,例如:operator ClassType),代码如下:

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/// <summary>
/// 隐式类型转换
/// </summary>
/// <param name="name"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static implicit operator EmployeeDetail( string name)
{
        /// 其实在这里可以写一个正则表达式检查name的字符串格式是否合法,如果不合法就抛出异常
        ///
   string [] arr;
   return string .IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name) ? null :
  new EmployeeDetail()
  {
    FirstName = (arr = name.Trim().Split( '.' ))[0]
    ,
    LastName = arr.Length > 1 ? arr[arr.Length > 2 ? 2 : 1] : null ,
    MiddleName = arr.Length > 2 ? arr[1] : null
  };
}
public static EmployeeCollection operator +(EmployeeDetail a, string b)
{
   return new EmployeeCollection() { a, b };
}

看到这里您是不是迫不及待地想试试看,OK写个控制台程序来测试一下:

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static void Main( string [] args)
{
   EmployeeDetail employee = "Jackson.Bruce" ;
   Console.WriteLine( "FirstName={0},MiddleNam={1},LastName={2}" , employee.FirstName, employee.MiddleName, employee.LastName);
   Console.WriteLine( "toString={0}" , employee);
   Console.WriteLine();
 
   EmployeeCollection collection = "Michael.Jackson" + employee;
 
   collection += "Bruce.Lee" ;
   foreach (var e in collection)
   {
  Console.WriteLine(e);
   }
   Console.WriteLine();
 
   collection -= employee;
 
   foreach (var e in collection)
   {
  Console.WriteLine(e);
   }
   Console.WriteLine( "===end===" );
   Console.Read();
}

运行结果如下图所示:

全部代码,里面还包含其他运算符的重载,这里就不再介绍了,赶紧动手测试一下吧:

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using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
 
namespace 重载运算符
{
   [Serializable]
   public class EmployeeDetail
   {
     public string FirstName { get ; set ; }
     public string MiddleName { get ; set ; }
     public string LastName { set ; get ; }
     public static EmployeeCollection operator +(EmployeeDetail a, EmployeeDetail b)
     {
       return new EmployeeCollection() { a, b };
     }
 
    
     
     public static EmployeeCollection operator +(EmployeeCollection collection, EmployeeDetail a)
     {
       collection.Add(a);
       return collection;
     }
     public static EmployeeCollection operator +(EmployeeDetail a, EmployeeCollection collection)
     {
       return collection + a;
     }
     /// <summary>
     /// 隐式类型转换
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="name"></param>
     /// <returns></returns>
     public static implicit operator EmployeeDetail( string name)
     {
       string [] arr;
       return string .IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name) ? null :
         new EmployeeDetail()
         {
           FirstName = (arr = name.Trim().Split( '.' ))[0]
           ,
           LastName = arr.Length > 1 ? arr[arr.Length > 2 ? 2 : 1] : null ,
           MiddleName = arr.Length > 2 ? arr[1] : null
         };
     }
     public static EmployeeCollection operator +(EmployeeDetail a, string b)
     {
       return new EmployeeCollection() { a, b };
     }
     public override string ToString()
     {
       return string .Format( "{0}{1}{2}{3}{4}" , FirstName, string .IsNullOrWhiteSpace(MiddleName) ? null : "."
         , MiddleName
         , string .IsNullOrWhiteSpace(LastName) ? null : "." ,
         LastName).Trim();
     }
   }
   public class EmployeeCollection : List<EmployeeDetail>
   {
     public static EmployeeCollection operator +(EmployeeCollection a, string b)
     {
       a.Add(b);
       return a;
     }
     public static EmployeeCollection operator +( string b, EmployeeCollection a)
     {
       return a + b;
     }
 
     public static EmployeeCollection operator -(EmployeeCollection a, EmployeeDetail b)
     {
       a.Remove(b);
       return a;
     }
   }
 
   class Program
   {
     static void Main( string [] args)
     {
       EmployeeDetail employee = "Jackson.Bruce" ;
       Console.WriteLine( "FirstName={0},MiddleNam={1},LastName={2}" , employee.FirstName, employee.MiddleName, employee.LastName);
       Console.WriteLine( "toString={0}" , employee);
       Console.WriteLine();
 
       EmployeeCollection collection = "Michael.Jackson" + employee;
 
       collection += "Bruce.Lee" ;
       foreach (var e in collection)
       {
         Console.WriteLine(e);
       }
       Console.WriteLine();
 
       collection -= employee;
 
       foreach (var e in collection)
       {
         Console.WriteLine(e);
       }
 
 
       Console.WriteLine( "===end===" );
       Console.Read();
     }
   }
}
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