注:以下全部代码的执行环境为VC++ 6.0
在程序中,可能需要为某些整数定义一个别名,我们可以利用预处理指令#define来完成这项工作,您的代码可能是:
#define TUE 2
#define WED 3
#define THU 4
#define FRI 5
#define SAT 6
#define SUN 7
在此,我们定义一种新的数据类型,希望它能完成同样的工作。这种新的数据类型叫枚举型。
1. 定义一种新的数据类型 - 枚举型
以下代码定义了这种新的数据类型 - 枚举型
{
MON = 1 , TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN
};
(1) 枚举型是一个集合,集合中的元素(枚举成员)是一些命名的整型常量,元素之间用逗号,隔开。
(2) DAY是一个标识符,可以看成这个集合的名字,是一个可选项,即是可有可无的项。
(3) 第一个枚举成员的默认值为整型的0,后续枚举成员的值在前一个成员上加1。
(4) 可以人为设定枚举成员的值,从而自定义某个范围内的整数。
(5) 枚举型是预处理指令#define的替代。
(6) 类型定义以分号;结束。
2. 使用枚举类型对变量进行声明
新的数据类型定义完成后,它就可以使用了。我们已经见过最基本的数据类型,如:整型int, 单精度浮点型float, 双精度浮点型double, 字符型char, 短整型short等等。用这些基本数据类型声明变量通常是这样:
char letter;
int x,
y,
z; // 变量x,y和z的类型均为整型int
int number;
double m, n;
double result; // 变量result的类型为双精度浮点型double
既然枚举也是一种数据类型,那么它和基本数据类型一样也可以对变量进行声明。
方法一:枚举类型的定义和变量的声明分开
{
MON = 1 , TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN
};
enum DAY today;
enum DAY tomorrow; // 变量tomorrow的类型为枚举型enum DAY
enum DAY good_day, bad_day; // 变量good_day和bad_day的类型均为枚举型enum DAY
方法二:类型定义与变量声明同时进行:
{
saturday,
sunday = 0 ,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday; // 变量workday的类型为枚举型enum DAY
enum BOOLEAN { false, true } end_flag, match_flag; //定义枚举类型并声明了两个枚举型变量
方法三:用typedef关键字将枚举类型定义成别名,并利用该别名进行变量声明:
{
saturday,
sunday = 0 ,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday; // 此处的workday为枚举型enum workday的别名
enum workday中的workday可以省略:
{
saturday,
sunday = 0 ,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday; // 此处的workday为枚举型enum workday的别名
workday today, tomorrow; // 变量today和tomorrow的类型为枚举型workday,也即enum workday
也可以用这种方式:
{
saturday,
sunday = 0 ,
monday,
tuesday,
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
};
workday today, tomorrow; // 变量today和tomorrow的类型为枚举型workday,也即enum workday
注意:同一个程序中不能定义同名的枚举类型,不同的枚举类型中也不能存在同名的命名常量。错误示例如下所示:
错误声明一:存在同名的枚举类型
{
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday;
typedef enum WEEK
{
saturday,
sunday = 0 ,
monday,
} workday;
错误声明二:存在同名的枚举成员
{
wednesday,
thursday,
friday
} workday_1;
typedef enum WEEK
{
wednesday,
sunday = 0 ,
monday,
} workday_2;
3. 使用枚举类型的变量
3.1 对枚举型的变量赋值。
实例将枚举类型的赋值与基本数据类型的赋值进行了对比:
方法一:先声明变量,再对变量赋值
/* 定义枚举类型 */
enum DAY { MON = 1 , TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void main()
{
/* 使用基本数据类型声明变量,然后对变量赋值 */
int x, y, z;
x = 10 ;
y = 20 ;
z = 30 ;
/* 使用枚举类型声明变量,再对枚举型变量赋值 */
enum DAY yesterday, today, tomorrow;
yesterday = MON;
today = TUE;
tomorrow = WED;
printf( " %d %d %d \n " , yesterday, today, tomorrow);
}
方法二:声明变量的同时赋初值
/* 定义枚举类型 */
enum DAY { MON = 1 , TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void main()
{
/* 使用基本数据类型声明变量同时对变量赋初值 */
int x = 10 , y = 20 , z = 30 ;
/* 使用枚举类型声明变量同时对枚举型变量赋初值 */
enum DAY yesterday = MON,
today = TUE,
tomorrow = WED;
printf( " %d %d %d \n " , yesterday, today, tomorrow);
}
方法三:定义类型的同时声明变量,然后对变量赋值。
/* 定义枚举类型,同时声明该类型的三个变量,它们都为全局变量 */
enum DAY { MON = 1 , TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN } yesterday, today, tomorrow;
/* 定义三个具有基本数据类型的变量,它们都为全局变量 */
int x, y, z;
void main()
{
/* 对基本数据类型的变量赋值 */
x = 10 ; y = 20 ; z = 30 ;
/* 对枚举型的变量赋值 */
yesterday = MON;
today = TUE;
tomorrow = WED;
printf( " %d %d %d \n " , x, y, z); // 输出:10 20 30
printf( " %d %d %d \n " , yesterday, today, tomorrow); // 输出:1 2 3
}
方法四:类型定义,变量声明,赋初值同时进行。
/* 定义枚举类型,同时声明该类型的三个变量,并赋初值。它们都为全局变量 */
enum DAY
{
MON = 1 ,
TUE,
WED,
THU,
FRI,
SAT,
SUN
}
yesterday = MON, today = TUE, tomorrow = WED;
/* 定义三个具有基本数据类型的变量,并赋初值。它们都为全局变量 */
int x = 10 , y = 20 , z = 30 ;
void main()
{
printf( " %d %d %d \n " , x, y, z); // 输出:10 20 30
printf( " %d %d %d \n " , yesterday, today, tomorrow); // 输出:1 2 3
}
3.2 对枚举型的变量赋整数值时,需要进行类型转换。
enum DAY { MON = 1 , TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };
void main()
{
enum DAY yesterday, today, tomorrow;
yesterday = TUE;
today = ( enum DAY) (yesterday + 1 ); // 类型转换
tomorrow = ( enum DAY) 30 ; // 类型转换
// tomorrow = 3; // 错误
printf( " %d %d %d \n " , yesterday, today, tomorrow); // 输出:2 3 30
}
3.3 使用枚举型变量
#include < stdio.h >enum
{
BELL = ' \a ' ,
BACKSPACE = ' \b ' ,
HTAB = ' \t ' ,
RETURN = ' \r ' ,
NEWLINE = ' \n ' ,
VTAB = ' \v ' ,
SPACE = ' '
};
enum BOOLEAN { FALSE = 0 , TRUE } match_flag;
void main()
{
int index = 0 ;
int count_of_letter = 0 ;
int count_of_space = 0 ;
char str[] = " I'm Ely efod " ;
match_flag = FALSE;
for (; str[index] != ' \0 ' ; index ++ )
if ( SPACE != str[index] )
count_of_letter ++ ;
else
{
match_flag = ( enum BOOLEAN) 1 ;
count_of_space ++ ;
}
printf( " %s %d times %c " , match_flag ? " match " : " not match " , count_of_space, NEWLINE);
printf( " count of letters: %d %c%c " , count_of_letter, NEWLINE, RETURN);
}
输出:
match 2 times
count of letters: 10
Press any key to continue
4. 枚举类型与sizeof运算符
enum escapes
{
BELL = ' \a ' ,
BACKSPACE = ' \b ' ,
HTAB = ' \t ' ,
RETURN = ' \r ' ,
NEWLINE = ' \n ' ,
VTAB = ' \v ' ,
SPACE = ' '
};
enum BOOLEAN { FALSE = 0 , TRUE } match_flag;
void main()
{
printf( " %d bytes \n " , sizeof ( enum escapes)); // 4 bytes
printf( " %d bytes \n " , sizeof (escapes)); // 4 bytes
printf( " %d bytes \n " , sizeof ( enum BOOLEAN)); // 4 bytes
printf( " %d bytes \n " , sizeof (BOOLEAN)); // 4 bytes
printf( " %d bytes \n " , sizeof (match_flag)); // 4 bytes
printf( " %d bytes \n " , sizeof (SPACE)); // 4 bytes
printf( " %d bytes \n " , sizeof (NEWLINE)); // 4 bytes
printf( " %d bytes \n " , sizeof (FALSE)); // 4 bytes
printf( " %d bytes \n " , sizeof ( 0 )); // 4 bytes
}
5. 综合举例
#include < stdio.h >enum Season
{
spring, summer = 100 , fall = 96 , winter
};
typedef enum
{
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday
}
Weekday;
void main()
{
/* Season */
printf( " %d \n " , spring); // 0
printf( " %d, %c \n " , summer, summer); // 100, d
printf( " %d \n " , fall + winter); // 193
Season mySeason = winter;
if (winter == mySeason)
printf( " mySeason is winter \n " ); // mySeason is winter
int x = 100 ;
if (x == summer)
printf( " x is equal to summer\n " ); // x is equal to summer
printf( " %d bytes\n " , sizeof (spring)); // 4 bytes
/* Weekday */
printf( " sizeof Weekday is: %d \n " , sizeof (Weekday)); // sizeof Weekday is: 4
Weekday today = Saturday;
Weekday tomorrow;
if (today == Monday)
tomorrow = Tuesday;
else
tomorrow = (Weekday) (today + 1 ); // remember to convert from int to Weekday
}