Spring系列-Spring IoC容器概述

Spring IoC是Spring Framework的核心。

控制反转和依赖注入：
早在2004年，Martin Fowler就提出了“哪些方面的控制被反转了？”，后来得出的结论是：依赖对象的获得被反转了。基于这个结论，他为控制反转创造了一个更好的名字：依赖注入。

不过我们平时会同时说到控制反转和依赖注入两个概念，控制反转指的就是把对象的获得交给容器，这样就反转了。依赖注入指的是容器把对象之间的依赖注入进去。

控制反转的实现有多种方式，可以在对象生成或初始化的时候，直接将数据注入到对象中。也可以把对象的引用注入进去。

Spring IoC：
Spring IoC容器的设计，最关键的就是两个接口，BeanFactory和ApplicationContext。
BeanFactory接口定义了IoC容器基本的功能规范，ApplicationContext在BeanFactory的基础上，增加了许多面向框架的特性，对应用环境做了很多适配，是容器的高级形态。

在Idea中，通过control+H快捷键，可以看到BeanFactory的继承情况。
网上也可以搜到Spring IoC容器的接口设计图。

在Spring IoC容器中，有两条线路，一条是BeanFactory，一条是ApplicationContext。BeanFactory这条线是简单的IoC容器，ApplicationContext继承了ListableBeanFactory，具备了简单IoC容器的功能，同时又继承了MessageSource、ResourcePatternResolver、ApplicationEventPublisher等接口，拥有了更高级的IoC容器特性。

下面先看下BeanFactory这条线：
BeanFactory算是IoC容器中最顶级的一个接口了，它定义了IoC容器最基本的形式，提供了最基本的功能。比如，接口中定义了getBean方法，用来获取IoC容器中的一个Bean。

下面是BeanFactory的源码：

public interface BeanFactory {

	/**
	 * Used to dereference a {@link FactoryBean} instance and distinguish it from
	 * beans <i>created</i> by the FactoryBean. For example, if the bean named
	 * {@code myJndiObject} is a FactoryBean, getting {@code &myJndiObject}
	 * will return the factory, not the instance returned by the factory.
	 */
	String FACTORY_BEAN_PREFIX = "&";


	/**
	 * Return an instance, which may be shared or independent, of the specified bean.
	 * <p>This method allows a Spring BeanFactory to be used as a replacement for the
	 * Singleton or Prototype design pattern. Callers may retain references to
	 * returned objects in the case of Singleton beans.
	 * <p>Translates aliases back to the corresponding canonical bean name.
	 * Will ask the parent factory if the bean cannot be found in this factory instance.
	 * @param name the name of the bean to retrieve
	 * @return an instance of the bean
	 * @throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException if there is no bean definition
	 * with the specified name
	 * @throws BeansException if the bean could not be obtained
	 */
	Object getBean(String name) throws BeansException;

	/**
	 * Return an instance, which may be shared or independent, of the specified bean.
	 * <p>Behaves the same as {@link #getBean(String)}, but provides a measure of type
	 * safety by throwing a BeanNotOfRequiredTypeException if the bean is not of the
	 * required type. This means that ClassCastException can't be thrown on casting
	 * the result correctly, as can happen with {@link #getBean(String)}.
	 * <p>Translates aliases back to the corresponding canonical bean name.
	 * Will ask the parent factory if the bean cannot be found in this factory instance.
	 * @param name the name of the bean to retrieve
	 * @param requiredType type the bean must match. Can be an interface or superclass
	 * of the actual class, or {@code null} for any match. For example, if the value
	 * is {@code Object.class}, this method will succeed whatever the class of the
	 * returned instance.
	 * @return an instance of the bean
	 * @throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException if there is no such bean definition
	 * @throws BeanNotOfRequiredTypeException if the bean is not of the required type
	 * @throws BeansException if the bean could n