在微服务架构中,根据业务来拆分成一个个的服务,服务与服务之间可以相互调用(RPC),在Spring Cloud可以用RestTemplate+Ribbon和Feign来调用。为了保证其高可用,单个服务通常会集群部署。由于网络原因或者自身的原因,服务并不能保证100%可用,如果单个服务出现问题,调用这个服务就会出现线程阻塞,此时若有大量的请求涌入,Servlet容器的线程资源会被消耗完毕,导致服务瘫痪。服务与服务之间的依赖性,故障会传播,会对整个微服务系统造成灾难性的严重后果,这就是服务故障的“雪崩”效应。
为了解决这个问题,业界提出了断路器模型。
1.断路器简介
Netflix开源了Hystrix组件,实现了断路器模式,SpringCloud对这一组件进行了整合。 在微服务架构中,一个请求需要调用多个服务是非常常见的,如下图:
较底层的服务如果出现故障,会导致连锁故障。当对特定的服务的调用的不可用达到一个阀值(Hystric 是5秒20次) 断路器将会被打开。
断路打开后,可用避免连锁故障,fallback方法可以直接返回一个固定值。
2.前期准备
启动eureka-server 工程;启动service-hi工程,它的端口为8762
3.在Ribbon中使用断路器
3.1加入依赖:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-hystrix</artifactId>
</dependency>
3.2在服务启动类加入@EnableHystrix注解
package test;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableHystrix
public class ServiceRibbonApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ServiceRibbonApplication.class, args);
}
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
RestTemplate restTemplate() {
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
@EnableHystrix
public class ServiceRibbonApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ServiceRibbonApplication.class, args);
}
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
RestTemplate restTemplate() {
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
3.3改造HelloService类
在hiService方法上加上@HystrixCommand注解。该注解对该方法创建了熔断器的功能,并指定了fallbackMethod熔断方法,熔断方法直接返回了一个字符串,字符串为”hi,”+name+”,sorry,error!”,代码如下
package test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand;
@Service
public class HelloService {
@Autowired
RestTemplate restTemplate;
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "hiError")
public String hiService(String name) {
return restTemplate.getForObject("http://SERVICE-HI/hi?name="+name,String.class);
}
public String hiError(String name) {
return "hi,"+name+",sorry,error!";
}
}
访问:
http://localhost:8764/hi?name=heidou
出现:
hi heidou,i am from port:8762
关闭service-hi服务后再次访问出现:
hi ,heidou,sorry,error!
4.Feign中使用断路器
4.1Feign是自带断路器的,需要在配置文件里面打开:
feign:
hystrix:
enabled: true
4.2在FeignClient的SchedualServiceHi接口的注解中加上fallback的指定类
package test;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.feign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
@FeignClient(value = "service-hi",fallback = SchedualServiceHiHystric.class)
public interface SchedualServiceHi {
@RequestMapping(value = "/hi",method = RequestMethod.GET)
String sayHiFromClientOne(@RequestParam(value = "name") String name);
}
fallback = SchedualServiceHiHystric.class)
public interface SchedualServiceHi {
@RequestMapping(value = "/hi",method = RequestMethod.GET)
String sayHiFromClientOne(@RequestParam(value = "name") String name);
}
package test;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class SchedualServiceHiHystric implements SchedualServiceHi {
public String sayHiFromClientOne(String name) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
return "sorry "+name;
}
}
4.3测试
⑴当不启动service-hi服务时,
sorry heidou
⑵启动service-hi服务时:
hi heidou,i am from port:8762
5.Hystrix Dashboard (断路器:Hystrix 仪表盘)
我们在Ribbion主启动类加上@EnableHystrixDashboard注解
package test;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.circuitbreaker.EnableCircuitBreaker;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.dashboard.EnableHystrixDashboard;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableHystrix
@EnableHystrixDashboard
public class ServiceRibbonApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ServiceRibbonApplication.class, args);
}
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
RestTemplate restTemplate() {
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
然后访问http://localhost:8764/hystrix,界面如下:
进去后页面: