简单说说STL内存管理

简单说说STL内存管理

1. 概述

STL Allocator是STL的内存管理器，也是最低调的部分之一，你可能使用了3年stl，但却不知其为何物。

STL标准如下介绍Allocator

the STL includes some low-level mechanisms for allocating and deallocating memory. Allocators are very specialized, and you can safely ignore them for almost all purposes. Allocators encapsulate allocation and deallocation of memory. They provide a low-level interface that permits efficient allocation of many small objects; different allocator types represent different schemes for memory management.

<STL 源码剖析>将其描述为空间配置器，理由是allocator可以将其它存储介质（例如硬盘）做为stl 容器的存储空间。由于内存是allocator管理的主要部分，因此，本文以STL内存管理为出发点介绍allocator。

Allocator就在我们身边，通常使用STL的方式：
#include <vector>
std::vector<int> Array(100);

本质上，调用的是：

#include <vector>
std::vector<int, std::allocator> Array(100);

std::allocator就是一个简单的Allocator

2. 使用

针对不同的应用场合，STL中实现了不同的Allocator，如下（gcc-3.4：http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~etsman/Docs/gcc-3.4-base/libstdc++/html/20_util/allocator.html）:

__gnu_cxx::new_allocator<T> Simply wraps ::operator new and ::operator delete.
__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator<T> Simply wraps malloc and free. There is also a hook for an out-of-memory handler
__gnu_cxx::debug_allocator<T> A wrapper around an arbitrary allocator A. It passes on slightly increased size requests to A, and uses the extra memory to store size information. 
__gnu_cxx::__pool_alloc<bool, int> A high-performance, single pool allocator. The reusable memory is shared among identical instantiations of this type.
__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc<T> A high-performance fixed-size allocatorthat was initially developed specifically to suit the needs of multi threaded applications
__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocato A high-performance allocator that uses a bit-map to keep track of the used and unused memory locations

例如，在多线程环境下，可以使用：

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1. #include <vector>  
2. #include <mt_allocator.h>  
3. std::vector<int, __gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc<int>> Array(100);  

3.一个简单的Allocator实现
我们可以实现自己的allocator

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1. #include <memory>  
2.   
3. template<class T>  
4. class my_allocator : public std::allocator<T>  
5. {  
6. public:  
7. typedef std::allocator<T> base_type;  
8.   
9. // 必须要重新定义  
10. template<class Other>  
11. struct rebind  
12. {  
13. typedef my_allocator<Other> other;  
14. };  
15. // 内存的分配与释放可以实现为自定义的算法  
16. pointer allocate(size_type count)  
17. {   
18. return (base_type::allocate(count));  
19. }  
20.   
21. void deallocate(pointer ptr, size_type count)  
22. {   
23. base_type::deallocate(ptr, count);  
24.  }  
25.   
26.   
27. // 构造函数  
28. my_allocator()  
29. {}  
30.   
31. my_allocator(my_allocator<T> const&)  
32. {}  
33.   
34. my_allocator<T>& operator=(my_allocator<T> const&)  
35. {   
36. return (*this);  
37.  }  
38.   
39. template<class Other>  
40. my_allocator(my_allocator<Other> const&)  
41. {}  
42.   
43. template<class Other>  
44. my_allocator<T>& operator=(my_allocator<Other> const&)  
45. {   
46. return (*this); }  
47. };   

4. 参考文献

http://blog.csdn.net/yfkiss/article/details/6902269

STL源码剖析
http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/manual/ext_allocators.html
http://www.codeguru.com/cpp/cpp/cpp_mfc/stl/article.php/c4079
http://blog.163.com/dengminwen@126/blog/static/870226720097189486788/