一、Servlet的框架是由俩个Java包组成:
- javax.servlet包:定义了所有的servlet类都必须实现或扩展的通用接口和类。
- javax.servlet.http包:定义了采用HTTP协议通信的HttpServlet类。
二、Servlet生命周期
servlet的生命周期:init(ServletConfig)、service(ServletRequest,ServletResponse)、destroy()
public class HelloWorldInit implements Servlet {
public HelloWorldInit(){
System.out.println("hello 默认构造");
}
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
System.out.println("init");
}
public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("service");
}
public void destroy() {
System.out.println("destroy");
}
public ServletConfig getServletConfig() {
return null;
}
public String getServletInfo() {
return null;
}
}
输出结果:
为什么会创建构造方法?
Tomcat服务器加载web.xml中的<servlet-class>com.test.HelloWorldInit</servlet>时,会根据这个类路径通过反射创建该类的实例。在服务器中操作大概过程如下:
Class clazz = Class.forName("com.test.HelloWorldInit");
Object obj = clazz.newInstance();//调用了构造方法
然后通过反射获取该对象里的init和service方法并调用,调用时会传入相应的实参(ServletConfig、ServletRequest和ServletResponse)
三、init(ServletConfig config)和service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)俩方法的参数解析
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
System.out.println("config:"+config);
}
public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("request:"+request+"\n"+"response:"+response);
}
输入结果:
上图输出的结果分别是ServletConfig、ServletRequest、ServletResponse的实现类,下图为源码中的实现
(1)javax.servlet.ServletConfig(接口),该接口下有四个抽象方法
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
//1、<servlet-name>返回这个里面的名称</servlet-name>
System.out.println(config.getServletName());
//2、返回指定初始化参数名称的值,如果参数不存在就返回Null(在web.xml中要配置初始化参数)
System.out.println(config.getInitParameter("gf"));
//3、返回当前servlet的所有的初始化参数的名称,返回的是一个Enumeration(枚举)
Enumeration<String> names = config.getInitParameterNames();
while(names.hasMoreElements()){
String name = names.nextElement();
System.out.println(name + ":" + config.getInitParameter(name));
}
//4、ServletConfig保存了当前web项目的 ServletContext的引用
ServletContext sc = config.getServletContext();
System.out.println(sc);
//实现类:org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContextFacade
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>helloWorldInit</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>cn.test.HelloWorldInit</servlet-class>
<!-- 配置初始化参数列表 -->
<init-param>
<!-- 初始化参数的名称 -->
<param-name>gf</param-name>
<!-- 初始化参数的值 -->
<param-value>规范</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>
(2)javax.servlet.ServletRequest和javax.servlet.ServletResponse(service方法的两个参数)]
/**第一个参数*/
//接口:javax.servlet.ServletRequest
//实现类:org.apache.catalina.connector.RequestFacade
/*
* 关系:
* * public class RequestFacade implements HttpServletRequest {
* * public interface HttpServletRequest extends ServletRequest {
*
* 总结: RequestFacade --> HttpServletRequest --> ServletRequest
* ************
* ServletRequest req = new RequestFacade();
* HttpServletRequest http = new RequestFacade();
* HttpServletRequest http2 = (HttpServletRequest)req;
*/
/**第二个参数*/
//接口:javax.servlet.ServletResponse
//实现类:org.apache.catalina.connector.ResponseFacade
/* 关系:
* * public class ResponseFacade implements HttpServletResponse {
* * public interface HttpServletResponse extends ServletResponse {
*
* * 总结:ResponseFacade --> HttpServletResponse --> ServletResponse
*/
HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse)resp;
四、Servlet实现初始化工作
public class FirstServlet extends HttpServlet {
//进行初始化,直接覆盖GenericServlet的init()方法
@Override
public void init() throws ServletException {
//初始化工作
}
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request, response);
}
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
}
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>FirstServletxx</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>cn.itcast.servlet.FirstServlet</servlet-class>
<!-- 配置当前servlet在服务器启动时加载顺序
取值:0-6 ,值越小,优先加载
-->
<load-on-startup>2</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>FirstServletxx</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/firstServlet</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
五、servlet的虚拟路径
1) 只能使用 / 或 * 开头
2) / 和 *. 不能同时存在
3) / 或 /* 表示任意
4) 只有*.才表示通配符
六、项目路径
(1)getAbsolutePath( )
案例1:
public static void main(String[] args) {
File file = new File("");
System.out.println(file.getAbsolutePath());//absolute绝对的意思
}
输出结果:
用命令窗口执行:
JAVA项目的class文件是存放在项目根目录的bin目录下
案例2:
public static void main(String[] args) {
File file = new File("/") ; // '/'是相对路径,相对于当前盘符 可以获得当前盘符
System.out.println(file.getAbsolutePath());
}
输出结果都为:F:\(命令运行和eclipse运行)
总结:getAbsolutePath()使用java命令时输出的路径是当前Java命令停留的目录,使用eclipse运行时输出的路径是当前项目根目录的绝对路径
注意:生成jar包后里面的没有src和bin目录的,生成jar包的过成是把bin目录下的文件全都拷贝过来,所以将配置文件放在src下其实就是在根目录下
(2)类加载器获取路径
public static void main(String[] args) {
//类加载器
//通过类 -> 获得字节码 -> 获得类加载器 -> 获得资源路径
//路径指向class文件存放的目录
URL url = Hello.class.getClassLoader().getResource("");
// InputStream is = Hello.class.getClassLoader().getResourceAsStream(""); //跟getResource一样
System.out.println(url);
}
输出结果:file:/F:/myeclipse/Workspaces/TestProject/WebRoot/WEB-INF/classes/
注意:类加载器不能使用"/"
(3)ServletContext获取路径
ServletContext是对当前项目上下文的描述(对当前web项目所有内容的描述),tomcat为每一个web项目单独创建一个区域,用来管理整个项目。此区域称为ServletContext。
context root是指当前项目的根目录:
* tomcat --> webapps/webName
* myeclipse --> webName/WebRoot 指向的是WebRoot目录
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext sc2 = this.getServletConfig().getServletContext();
ServletContext sc = this.getServletContext();
//1 、
String path = sc.getRealPath("/1.html");//获得实际路径,要求/开头
System.out.println(path);// F:\apache-tomcat-7.0.29\webapps\day06\1.html
//2、获得资源文件
URL url = sc.getResource("/1.html");
System.out.println(url.getPath());// /localhost/day06/1.html
//3、
InputStream is = sc.getResourceAsStream("/1.html");
System.out.println(is);
}
输出结果:F:\apache-tomcat-7.0.29\webapps\day06\1.html
要求必须以'/'开头
(4)web的相对路径
1、abc:与当前页面同级的目录或servlet的名称
* <a href="c/c.html">c.html</a><br>
2、/abc:相对于web站点,%tomcat%/webapps/
* <a href="/day06_web/b/c/c.html">c.html</a><br>
3、./abc:当前目录,与第一种情况相同
* <a href="./c/c.html">c.html</a><br>
4、../abc:上一次目录
* <a href="../b/c/c.html">c.html</a><br>
七、Servlet过滤器Filter
所有的Servlet过滤器类都必须实现javax.servlet.Filter接口。这个接口含有3个过滤器类必须实现的方法:
init( FilterConfig config);//Servlet容器创建Servlet过滤器实例后将调用这个方法。在这个方法中可以读取web.xml文件中Servlet过滤器的初始化参数
doFilter( ServletRequest req, ServletResponse resp ,FilterChain chain);//FilterChain参数用于访问后续过滤器
destroy( );
在web.xml中必须先配置过滤器再配置Servlet
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.Filter;
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
public class MyFilter implements Filter {
private FilterConfig config = null;
private String blackList = null;
public void init(FilterConfig config) throws ServletException {
this.config = config;
blackList = config.getInitParameter("blacklist");
}
public void destroy() {
config = null;
}
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,
FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {
String username = ((HttpServletRequest) request)
.getParameter("username");
if (username != null)
username = new String(username.getBytes("ISO-8859-1"), "GB2312");
if (username != null && username.indexOf(blackList) != -1) {
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=GB2312");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.println("<html><head></head><body>");
out.println("<h1>对不起," + username + ",你没有权限留言 </h1>");
out.println("</body></html>");
out.flush();
return;
}
long before = System.currentTimeMillis();
config.getServletContext().log(
"NoteFilter:before call chain.doFilter()");
chain.doFilter(request, response);
config.getServletContext()
.log("NoteFilter:after call chain.doFilter()");
long after = System.currentTimeMillis();
String name = "";
if (request instanceof HttpServletRequest) {
name = ((HttpServletRequest) request).getRequestURI();
}
config.getServletContext().log(
"NoteFilter:" + name + ": " + (after - before) + "ms");
}
}
<filter>
<filter-name>myFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>com.test.filter.MyFilter</filter-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>blacklist</param-name>
<param-value>hello</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>myFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/NoteServlet</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>