Oracle 约束(constraint)的几个参数的小研究

ORACLE中，约束分deferred 跟 immediate 2种：
deferred:如果 Oracle 在事务提交（commit）时才对约束执行检查，则称此约束是延迟的（deferred）。如果数据违反了延迟约束，提交操作将导致事务被回滚（undo）。
immediate:如果约束是即时的（immediate）（非延迟的），则此约束将在语句执行结束后进行检查。如果数据违反了延迟约束，语句将被立即回滚。

 

解释一下，即：将约束检验延迟到了执行COMMIT的时候。以下是具体的解释和举例。 定义为可延迟（deferrable）的约束可以指定为：

1. initially immediate（初始化立即执行）或

2. initially deferred（初始化延迟执行）。

解释二者的区别。初始化立即执行/延迟执行规定了在默认情况下应该如何执行约束：

 

初始化立即执行--在每条语句执行结束时检验约束

初始化延迟执行--一直等到事务完成后（或者调用set constraint immediate语句时）才检验约束

一般情况下，我们用的约束初始都是immediate型的(默认)，而且不好转为deferred型。但是如果初始是deferrable(需要手动指定),那deferred跟immediate 2种状态可以随意转换。
此外，约束有以下4种状态：
ENABLE（启用）确保所有输入的数据都遵从约束（constraint）
DISABLE（禁用）总是允许输入数据，无论数据是否遵从约束
VALIDATE（验证）确保已存在的数据遵从约束
NOVALIDATE（无验证）允许已存在的数据不遵从约束

ENABLE VALIDATE 与 ENABLE 相同。Oracle 将检查约束，并保证所有数据均遵从约束。
ENABLE NOVALIDATE 表示所有新插入或被修改的数据都必须遵从约束，但允许已存在的数据不遵从约束。
DISABLE NOVALIDATE 与 DISABLE 相同。Oracle 不会检查约束.
DISABLE VALIDATE 将禁用约束，移除约束使用的索引，并禁止修改约束键的数据。

约束不论哪种类型，要能够生效，必须状态是enable才行。

--deferred 跟 immediate的对比试验-----------------------------
SQL> drop table aa purge;

Table dropped.

SQL> create table aa ( id number,name varchar2(20),constraint pk primary key(id));

Table created.

SQL> col constraint_name for a11
SQL> select CONSTRAINT_NAME ,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME ,STATUS,DEFERRABLE,DEFERRED,validated from u
ser_constraints where table_name='AA';

CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS   DEFERRABLE     DEFERRED VALIDATED
----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------
PK          P AA    ENABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE VALIDATED

--可以看到，默认的是NOT DEFERRABLE，下面我们将它转为immediate试试

SQL> set constraint pk immediate;
set constraint pk immediate
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02447: cannot defer a constraint that is not deferrable

--增加一个uk，指定deferrable initially immidiate|deferred

SQL> alter table aa add constraint uk unique (name) deferrable initially immediate;

Table altered.

SQL> select CONSTRAINT_NAME ,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME ,STATUS,DEFERRABLE,DEFERRED,validated from u
ser_constraints where table_name='AA';

CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS   DEFERRABLE     DEFERRED VALIDATED
----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------
PK          P AA    ENABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE VALIDATED
UK          U AA    ENABLED DEFERRABLE     IMMEDIATE VALIDATED

SQL> select * from aa;

no rows selected

SQL> insert into aa values(1,'SDF');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into aa values(2,'SDF');
insert into aa values(2,'SDF')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (LYN.UK) violated

SQL> set constraints uk deferred;

Constraint set.

SQL> select * from aa;

no rows selected

SQL> insert into aa values(1,'SDF');

1 row created.

SQL> insert into aa values(2,'SDF');

1 row created.

SQL> commit;
commit
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02091: transaction rolled back
ORA-00001: unique constraint (LYN.UK) violated

此外，可以在SESSION里设定所有约束是立即检查(immediate)还是延迟检查(deferred)，当然，这只影响初始时指定可延迟的(deferrable)约束。

SQL> alter session set constraint=immediate;

Session altered.

SQL> alter session set constraints=deferred;

Session altered.

--4种状态对比-----------------
SQL> drop table aa purge;

Table dropped.

SQL> create table aa(id number primary key);

Table created.

--enable validate(默认)

SQL> select CONSTRAINT_NAME ,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME ,STATUS,DEFERRABLE,DEFERRED,validated from
user_constraints where table_name='AA';

CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS   DEFERRABLE     DEFERRED VALIDATED
----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------
SYS_C002829 P AA    ENABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE VALIDATED

SQL> insert into aa select 2010 from dual;

1 row created.

SQL> insert into aa select 2010 from dual;
insert into aa select 2010 from dual
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) violated

--disable novalidate

SQL> alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable;

Table altered.

SQL> select CONSTRAINT_NAME ,CONSTRAINT_TYPE,TABLE_NAME ,STATUS,DEFERRABLE,DEFERRED,validated from
user_constraints where table_name='AA';

CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS   DEFERRABLE     DEFERRED VALIDATED
----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------
SYS_C002829 P AA    DISABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE NOT VALIDATED

SQL> select * from aa;

        ID
----------
      2010

SQL> insert into aa select 2010 from dual;

1 row created.

SQL> insert into aa select 2010 from dual;

1 row created.

SQL> commit;

Commit complete.

--disable validate

SQL> alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable validate;
alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable validate
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02437: cannot validate (LYN.SYS_C002829) - primary key violated

SQL> select * from aa;

        ID
----------
      2010
      2010
      2010

SQL> delete aa where rownum<3;

2 rows deleted.

SQL> select rownum,id from aa;

    ROWNUM         ID
---------- ----------
         1       2010

SQL> alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable validate;

Table altered.

SQL> update aa set id=2012;
update aa set id=2012
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-25128: No insert/update/delete on table with constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) disabled and validated

SQL> insert into aa select 2012 from dual;
insert into aa select 2012 from dual
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-25128: No insert/update/delete on table with constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) disabled and validated

SQL> delete from aa;
delete from aa
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-25128: No insert/update/delete on table with constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) disabled and validated

SQL> truncate table aa;
truncate table aa
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-25128: No insert/update/delete on table with constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) disabled and validated

--enable novalidate

SQL> alter table aa enable novalidate constraint SYS_C002829;

Table altered.

SQL> insert into aa select 2010 from dual;
insert into aa select 2010 from dual
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (LYN.SYS_C002829) violated