DNS资源记录与gethostbyname

1.    DNS资源记录

DNS资源记录类型主要有以下几种：

A ：A记录将主机名映射为IPV4地址，例如：

       ns.abc.com.             IN   A   192.168.100.5
       mail1.abc.com.       IN   A   192.168.100.6

AAAA ：AAAA记录将主机名映射为IPV6地址，格式同上。

CNAME ：CNAME记录别名与正式名称之间的对应关系，格式为：

       Alias   IN   CNAME    Canonical-hostname
MX ：MX记录提供了邮件路由信息，以及邮件交换器的主机名称以及相应的优先值。

PTR : PTR记录将IP地址与主机名进行映射对应，作用正好与A记录相反。

【注意】在Linux或者windows系统上，nslookup命令可以查看这几种类型记录。

 

2.    gethostbyname函数的语法：

函数的语法形式如下：

      struct hostent *gethostbyname(const char *hostname)      

      函数的主要功能是执行依次对CNAME，A记录或者AAAA记录的查询，并返回主机对应的别名、正式名、IPV4或IPV6地址。函数返回类型结构定义如下：

           structhostent {

　　           char *h_name;  //主机的正式名称

　　           char **h_aliases;  //主机的别名列

　　           int h_addrtype;  //主机的地址类型

　　           int h_length; //主机的地址长度（4字节或者16字节）

　　           char **h_addr_list; //主机对应的IPV4或者IPV6地址列

　　           #define h_addr h_addr_list[0] //地址列表中的第一个地址

　　      };

      根据上面的定义，值得注意的是，对于某台主机，可能存在着多个别名以及多个A或AAAA记录，即多个IP地址。

【测试程序】

/**************************************
  modify by dragon based on UNP code
**************************************/
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#define IN6ADDRSZ 16 
#define	INT16SZ		 2


static const char *inet_ntop4(const u_char *src, char *dst, size_t size);
static const char *inet_ntop6(const u_char *src, char *dst, size_t size);
static const char *inet_ntop(int af, const void *src, char *dst, size_t size);



static const char *inet_ntop4(const u_char *src, char *dst, size_t size)
{
	static const char fmt[] = "%u.%u.%u.%u";
	char tmp[sizeof "255.255.255.255"];

	sprintf(tmp, fmt, src[0], src[1], src[2], src[3]);
	if (strlen(tmp) > size) {
		return NULL;
	}
	strcpy(dst, tmp);
	return (dst);
}

static const char *inet_ntop6(const u_char *src, char *dst, size_t size)
{
	/*
	 * Note that int32_t and int16_t need only be "at least" large enough
	 * to contain a value of the specified size.  On some systems, like
	 * Crays, there is no such thing as an integer variable with 16 bits.
	 * Keep this in mind if you think this function should have been coded
	 * to use pointer overlays.  All the world's not a VAX.
	 */
	char tmp[sizeof "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:255.255.255.255"], *tp;
	struct { int base, len; } best, cur;
	u_int words[IN6ADDRSZ / INT16SZ];
	int i;

	/*
	 * Preprocess:
	 *	Copy the input (bytewise) array into a wordwise array.
	 *	Find the longest run of 0x00's in src[] for :: shorthanding.
	 */
	memset(words, 0, sizeof words);
	for (i = 0; i < IN6ADDRSZ; i++)
		words[i / 2] |= (src[i] << ((1 - (i % 2)) << 3));
	best.base = -1;
	cur.base = -1;
	for (i = 0; i < (IN6ADDRSZ / INT16SZ); i++) {
		if (words[i] == 0) {
			if (cur.base == -1)
				cur.base = i, cur.len = 1;
			else
				cur.len++;
		} else {
			if (cur.base != -1) {
				if (best.base == -1 || cur.len > best.len)
					best = cur;
				cur.base = -1;
			}
		}
	}
	if (cur.base != -1) {
		if (best.base == -1 || cur.len > best.len)
			best = cur;
	}
	if (best.base != -1 && best.len < 2)
		best.base = -1;

	/*
	 * Format the result.
	 */
	tp = tmp;
	for (i = 0; i < (IN6ADDRSZ / INT16SZ); i++) {
		/* Are we inside the best run of 0x00's? */
		if (best.base != -1 && i >= best.base &&
		    i < (best.base + best.len)) {
			if (i == best.base)
				*tp++ = ':';
			continue;
		}
		/* Are we following an initial run of 0x00s or any real hex? */
		if (i != 0)
			*tp++ = ':';
		/* Is this address an encapsulated IPv4? */
		if (i == 6 && best.base == 0 &&
		    (best.len == 6 || (best.len == 5 && words[5] == 0xffff))) {
			if (!inet_ntop4(src+12, tp, sizeof tmp - (tp - tmp)))
				return (NULL);
			tp += strlen(tp);
			break;
		}
		sprintf(tp, "%x", words[i]);
		tp += strlen(tp);
	}
	/* Was it a trailing run of 0x00's? */
	if (best.base != -1 && (best.base + best.len) == (IN6ADDRSZ / INT16SZ))
		*tp++ = ':';
		*tp++ = '\0';

	/*
	 * Check for overflow, copy, and we're done.
	 */
	if ((tp - tmp) > size) {
		return (NULL);
	}
	strcpy(dst, tmp);
	return (dst);
}


static const char *inet_ntop(int af, const void *src, char *dst, size_t size)
{
	switch (af) {
	case AF_INET:
		return (inet_ntop4(src, dst, size));
	case AF_INET6:
		return (inet_ntop6(src, dst, size));
	default:
		return (NULL);
	}
	/* NOTREACHED */
}


int	main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	char			*ptr, **pptr;
	char			str[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
	struct hostent	*hptr;

	while (--argc > 0) {
		ptr = *++argv;
		if ( (hptr = gethostbyname(ptr)) == NULL) {
			printf("gethostbyname error for host: %s",
					ptr);
			continue;
		}
		printf("official hostname: %s\n", hptr->h_name);
		printf("h_addrtype is %d.\n", hptr->h_addrtype);  //2---AF_INET  10---AF_INET6

		for (pptr = hptr->h_aliases; *pptr != NULL; pptr++)
			printf("\talias: %s\n", *pptr);

		switch (hptr->h_addrtype) {
		case AF_INET:

#ifdef	AF_INET6
		case AF_INET6:
#endif
		pptr = hptr->h_addr_list;
		for ( ; *pptr != NULL; pptr++)
				printf("\taddress: %s\n",
					inet_ntop(hptr->h_addrtype, *pptr, str, sizeof(str)));
		break;

		default:
			printf("unknown address type");
			break;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}