12.1 LNMP架构介绍
12.2 MySQL安装
12.3/12.4 PHP-fpm安装
12.5 Nginx介绍
扩展
Nginx为什么比Apache Httpd高效：原理篇 http://www.toxingwang.com/linux-unix/linux-basic/1712.html
apache和nginx工作原理比较 http://www.server110.com/nginx/201402/6543.html
mod_php 和 mod_fastcgi以及php-fpm的比较 http://dwz.cn/1lwMSd
概念了解：CGI，FastCGI，PHP-CGI与PHP-FPM http://www.nowamagic.net/librarys/veda/detail/1319/ https://www.awaimai.com/371.html
12.1 LNMP架构介绍：
~1.和LAMP不同的是，提供web服务的是Nginx
~2.并且php是作为一个独立服务存在的，这个服务叫做php-fpm
~3.Nginx直接处理静态请求，动态请求会转发给php-fpm
~4.与Apache相比，Nginx在静态文件的交互上会比Apache快很多。用户并发支持会很大，上好几万，Apache做不到
12.2 MySQL安装:
安装方法与LAMP里的mysql方法一样
~1.cd /usr/local/src
~2.wget http://mirrors.sohu.com/mysql/MySQL-5.6/mysql-5.6.43-linux-glibc2.5-x86_64.tar.gz
~3.tar zxvf mysql-5.6.43-linux-glibc2.5-x86_64.tar.gz
~4.mv mysql-5.6.43-linux-glibc2.5-x86_64 /usr/local/mysql
~5.cd /usr/local/mysql
~6.useradd mysql
~7.mkdir /data/
.~8./scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql
~9.cp support-files/my-default.cnf /etc/my.cnf 拷贝配置文件
~10.vi /etc/my.cnf
~11.定义datadir和socket
~12.cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld 拷贝启动脚本
~13.vi /etc/init.d/mysqld
~14.定义basedir和datadir
~15/etc/init.d/mysqld start
我们这里先把之前安装的mysql删除，再重新安装
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/src 先cd进src
[root@localhost src]# ps aux | grep mysql 检查mysql是否运行
root 1089 0.0 0.0 115432 1704 ? S 19:39 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/data/mysql --pid-file=/data/mysql/axinlinux-01.pid
mysql 1296 3.8 24.2 1302732 453888 ? Sl 19:39 0:05 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=axinlinux-01.err --pid-file=/data/mysql/axinlinux-01.pid
root 1599 0.0 0.0 112720 980 pts/0 S+ 19:41 0:00 grep --color=auto mysql
[root@localhost src]# service mysql stop 关闭mysql
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl stop mysql.service
[root@localhost src]# ps aux | grep mysql 再次检查
root 1633 0.0 0.0 112720 980 pts/0 R+ 19:42 0:00 grep --color=auto mysql
[root@localhost src]# rm -rf /usr/local/mysql 删除mysql目录
[root@localhost src]# rm -rf /etc/init.d/mysqld 删除启动脚本
[root@localhost src]# vim /etc/my.cnf 系统会自带一个my.cnf，所以暂且保留
[root@localhost src]# tar -xvf mysql-5.6.43-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz 解压
[root@localhost src]# mv mysql-5.6.43-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/local/
apache2/ apr-util/ etc/ include/ lib64/ mariadb/ php7/ share/ 看一下有没有应存在的mysql目录
apr/ bin/ games/ lib/ libexec/ php/ sbin/ src/
[root@localhost src]# mv mysql-5.6.43-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /usr/local/mysql 挪到local下，并改名字叫mysql
[root@localhost src]# ls /usr/local/mysql/ 看一下是不是这几个文件
bin COPYING data docs include lib man mysql-test README scripts share sql-bench support-files
[root@localhost mysql]# useradd mysql
[root@localhost mysql]# rm -rf /data/mysql/* 因为之前创建过，过意直接删除mysql目录下的左右
[root@localhost mysql]# id mysql 查看一下mysql这个用户
uid=1000(mysql) gid=1000(mysql) 组=1000(mysql)[root@localhost mysql]# ./scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --datadir=/data/mysql 初始化，过程其实就是他启动所需要的目录生成
[root@localhost mysql]# echo $? 要出现两个OK，或者echo $?看一下
0
[root@localhost mysql]# vim /etc/my.cnf 因为之前拷贝过配置文件，所以直接vim定义了datadir和socket
basedir =/usr/local/mysql
datadir = /data/mysql
# port = .....
# server_id = .....
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock[root@localhost mysql]# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld 拷贝启动脚本
[root@localhost mysql]# ls support-files
binary-configure magic my-default.cnf mysqld_multi.server mysql-log-rotate mysql.server
[root@localhost mysql]# ls /etc/init.d/
functions mysqld netconsole network README
[root@localhost mysql]# vim /etc/init.d/mysqld 定义启动脚本的basedir和datadir
basedir=/usr/local/mysql
datadir=/data/mysql[root@localhost mysql]# chkconfig --add mysqld 加入到服务里表里面去
[root@localhost mysql]# chkconfig mysqld on 设置开机启动
[root@localhost mysql]# service mysqld stop 这时候可以用命令关闭
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!
[root@localhost mysql]# service mysqld start 也可以用命令开启
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS!
[root@localhost mysql]# ps aux |grep mysqld 检查是否用命令开启
root 1881 0.0 0.1 11816 1632 pts/0 S 10:14 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/data/mysql --pid-file=/data/mysql/localhost.pid
mysql 2032 8.6 45.3 1302744 452028 pts/0 Sl 10:14 0:00 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=localhost.err --pid-file=/data/mysql/localhost.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
root 2056 0.0 0.0 112724 988 pts/0 R+ 10:14 0:00 grep --color=auto mysqld
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
12.3/12.4 PHP安装:
和LAMP安装PHP方法有差别，需要开启php-fpm服务
~1.cd /usr/local/src/
~2.wget http://cn2.php.net/distributions/php-5.6.32.tar.gz
~3.tar zxf php-5.6.32.tar.gz
~4.useradd -s /sbin/nologin php-fpm
~5.cd php-5.6.32
~6../configure --prefix=/usr/local/php-fpm --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php-fpm/etc --enable-fpm --with-fpm-user=php-fpm --with-fpm-group=php-fpm --with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/mysql --with-mysql-sock=/tmp/mysql.sock --with-libxml-dir --with-gd --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-freetype-dir --with-iconv-dir --with-zlib-dir --with-mcrypt --enable-soap --enable-gd-native-ttf --enable-ftp --enable-mbstring --enable-exif --with-pear --with-curl --with-openssl
~7.make && make install
~8.cp php.ini-production /usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php.ini
php.ini-development给开发用的或测试用的。php.ini-production适合生产环境用
~9.vi /usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php-fpm.conf 写入如下内容
[global]
pid = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/run/php-fpm.pid
error_log = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/log/php-fpm.log
[www]
listen = /tmp/php-fcgi.sock
#listen = 127.0.0.1：9000 实例中有对这两者的解释，选择一种
listen.mode = 666
user = php-fpm
group = php-fpm
pm = dynamic
pm.max_children = 50
pm.start_servers = 20
pm.min_spare_servers = 5
pm.max_spare_servers = 35
pm.max_requests = 500
rlimit_files = 1024
~10.cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm
~11.chmod 755 /etc/init.d/php-fpm
~12.chkconfig --add php-fpm
~13.chkconfig php-fpm on
~14.service php-fpm start
~15.ps aux |grep php-fpm
（/usr/local/php-fpm/sbin/php-fpm -m/-i与/usr/local/php-fpm/bin/php -m/-i是一样的，都可以查看。但是多了一个 -t
/usr/local/php-fpm/sbin/php-fpm -t是测试他自己配置文件语法的，makeinstall之后用-t就会提示没有配置文件也就是~10.）
实例：
因为我们之前安装过，所以直接make clean 清空之前的配置，回到刚解压的状态
[root@localhost php]# cd /usr/local/src/php-5.6.32/ 进入解压后的php5
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# make clean 清空之前的配置，回到刚解压的状态
find . -name \*.gcno -o -name \*.gcda | xargs rm -f
find . -name \*.lo -o -name \*.o | xargs rm -f
find . -name \*.la -o -name \*.a | xargs rm -f
find . -name \*.so | xargs rm -f
find . -name .libs -a -type d|xargs rm -rf
rm -f libphp5.la sapi/cli/php sapi/cgi/php-cgi libphp5.la modules/* libs/*
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php-fpm --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php-fpm/etc --enable-fpm --with-fpm-user=php-fpm --with-fpm-group=php-fpm --with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/mysql --with-mysql-sock=/tmp/mysql.sock --with-libxml-dir --with-gd --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-freetype-dir --with-iconv-dir --with-zlib-dir --with-mcrypt --enable-soap --enable-gd-native-ttf --enable-ftp --enable-mbstring --enable-exif --with-pear --with-curl --with-openssl
在这里我们把php的名字设置成了--prefix=php-fpm（和Nginx对应的）
还有他的配置文件也改成和Nginx对应的--with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php-fpm/etc
注意要加上--enable-fpm，启动php-fpm，不加就没法启动这个服务。（在Nginx中php作为服务存在的）
--with-fpm-user=php-fpm指定用户
--with-fpm-group=php-fpm指定组
--with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql 指定路径
报错configure: error: Please reinstall the libcurl distribution
yum install curl curl-devel
Thank you for using PHP.
config.status: creating php5.spec
config.status: creating main/build-defs.h
config.status: creating scripts/phpize
config.status: creating scripts/man1/phpize.1
config.status: creating scripts/php-config
config.status: creating scripts/man1/php-config.1
config.status: creating sapi/cli/php.1
config.status: creating sapi/fpm/php-fpm.conf
config.status: creating sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm
config.status: creating sapi/fpm/php-fpm.service
config.status: creating sapi/fpm/php-fpm.8
config.status: creating sapi/fpm/status.html
config.status: creating sapi/cgi/php-cgi.1
config.status: creating ext/phar/phar.1
config.status: creating ext/phar/phar.phar.1
config.status: creating main/php_config.h
config.status: executing default commands[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# echo $?
0
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# make
Generating phar.php
Generating phar.phar
PEAR package PHP_Archive not installed: generated phar will require PHP's phar extension be enabled.
clicommand.inc
directorytreeiterator.inc
invertedregexiterator.inc
directorygraphiterator.inc
pharcommand.inc
phar.inc
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# echo $?
0
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# make install
Installing shared extensions: /usr/local/php-fpm/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20131226/
Installing PHP CLI binary: /usr/local/php-fpm/bin/
Installing PHP CLI man page: /usr/local/php-fpm/php/man/man1/
Installing PHP FPM binary: /usr/local/php-fpm/sbin/
Installing PHP FPM config: /usr/local/php-fpm/etc/
Installing PHP FPM man page: /usr/local/php-fpm/php/man/man8/
Installing PHP FPM status page: /usr/local/php-fpm/php/php/fpm/
Installing PHP CGI binary: /usr/local/php-fpm/bin/
Installing PHP CGI man page: /usr/local/php-fpm/php/man/man1/
Installing build environment: /usr/local/php-fpm/lib/php/build/
Installing header files: /usr/local/php-fpm/include/php/
Installing helper programs: /usr/local/php-fpm/bin/
program: phpize
program: php-config
Installing man pages: /usr/local/php-fpm/php/man/man1/
page: phpize.1
page: php-config.1
Installing PEAR environment: /usr/local/php-fpm/lib/php/
[PEAR] Archive_Tar - installed: 1.4.3
[PEAR] Console_Getopt - installed: 1.4.1
[PEAR] Structures_Graph- installed: 1.1.1
[PEAR] XML_Util - installed: 1.4.2
[PEAR] PEAR - installed: 1.10.5
Wrote PEAR system config file at: /usr/local/php-fpm/etc/pear.conf
You may want to add: /usr/local/php-fpm/lib/php to your php.ini include_path
/usr/local/src/php-5.6.32/build/shtool install -c ext/phar/phar.phar /usr/local/php-fpm/bin
ln -s -f phar.phar /usr/local/php-fpm/bin/phar
Installing PDO headers: /usr/local/php-fpm/include/php/ext/pdo/
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# echo $?
0
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# /usr/local/php-fpm/sbin/php-fpm -t 自带的-t测试，提示没有配置文件
[23-Jul-2019 10:43:22] ERROR: failed to open configuration file '/usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php-fpm.conf': No such file or directory (2)
[23-Jul-2019 10:43:22] ERROR: failed to load configuration file '/usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php-fpm.conf'
[23-Jul-2019 10:43:22] ERROR: FPM initialization failed
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# cp php.ini-production /usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php.ini 拷贝配置文件，这里选php.ini-production生产环境用的
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# vi /usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php-fpm.conf
[global] 定义全局的参数
pid = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/run/php-fpm.pid
error_log = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/log/php-fpm.log
[www] 模块的名字，启动的时候就会看到
listen = /tmp/php-fcgi.sock 监听的地址。php-fpm可以监听socket可以监听tcp/ip,这里可以写socket也可以写下面的
#listen = 127.0.0.1：9000 一般都是监听这个IP。因为php-fpm是在内部使用的，在本机上用的，也就是Nginx和php通常是在一台机器上的。他们两者通信就可以用内部的网络。当然也可以监听其他的IP。prot默认是9000，也可以改成其他的
以上是两种不同的监听方法。这选择不同的话，后面php-fpm与nginx结合的时候，配置语句也是不同的
listen.mode = 666 socket的时候这个语句才会生效。就是上面选socket的时候定义它的权限
user = php-fpm 定义用户和组。谁启动的
group = php-fpm
pm = dynamic 一下是关于进程的信息。后面会讲
pm.max_children = 50
pm.start_servers = 20
pm.min_spare_servers = 5
pm.max_spare_servers = 35
pm.max_requests = 500
rlimit_files = 1024
[global]
pid = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/run/php-fpm.pid
error_log = /usr/local/php-fpm/var/log/php-fpm.log
[www]
listen = /tmp/php-fcgi.sock
#listen = 127.0.0.1：9000
listen.mode = 666
user = php-fpm
group = php-fpm
pm = dynamic
pm.max_children = 50
pm.start_servers = 20
pm.min_spare_servers = 5
pm.max_spare_servers = 35
pm.max_requests = 500
rlimit_files = 1024
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm 拷贝启动脚本
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# chmod 755 /etc/init.d/php-fpm
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# chkconfig --add php-fpm
[root@localhostphp-5.6.32]# chkconfig php-fpm on
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# service php-fpm start 执行到这一步有报错。是之前忘记创建用户
Starting php-fpm [23-Jul-2019 11:02:39] ERROR: [pool www] cannot get uid for user 'php-fpm'
[23-Jul-2019 11:02:39] ERROR: FPM initialization failed
failed
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# useradd php-fpm 创建php-fpm用户。不要忘记
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# /usr/local/php-fpm/sbin/php-fpm -t 检测成功
[23-Jul-2019 11:04:08] NOTICE: configuration file /usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php-fpm.conf test is successful
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# service php-fpm start 开启php-fpm
Starting php-fpm done
[root@localhost php-5.6.32]# ps aux |grep php-fpm
root 119564 0.0 0.4 125928 4952 ? Ss 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: master process (/usr/local/php-fpm/etc/php-fpm.conf)
php-fpm 119565 0.0 0.4 125928 4708 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119566 0.0 0.4 125928 4708 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119567 0.0 0.4 125928 4708 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119568 0.0 0.4 125928 4708 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119569 0.0 0.4 125928 4712 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119570 0.0 0.4 125928 4712 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119571 0.0 0.4 125928 4712 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119572 0.0 0.4 125928 4712 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119573 0.0 0.4 125928 4712 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119574 0.0 0.4 125928 4716 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119575 0.0 0.4 125928 4716 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119576 0.0 0.4 125928 4716 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119577 0.0 0.4 125928 4716 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119578 0.0 0.4 125928 4716 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119579 0.0 0.4 125928 4716 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119580 0.0 0.4 125928 4716 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119581 0.0 0.4 125928 4716 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119582 0.0 0.4 125928 4716 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119583 0.0 0.4 125928 4716 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
php-fpm 119584 0.0 0.4 125928 4716 ? S 11:04 0:00 php-fpm: pool www
root 119586 0.0 0.0 112724 992 pts/0 R+ 11:05 0:00 grep --color=auto php-fpm
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
12.5 Nginx介绍：
~1.Nginx官网 nginx.org，最新版1.13，最新稳定版（stable）1.12 （俄国人开发的）。他的静态文件处理能力比Apache强很多。尽量去选择最新的稳定版本（stable）。有些会另外安一个nginx来处理静态文件，比如，tomcat+nginx的Java应用
~2.小巧，功能也非常的强大。本身可能支持的功能不是很多，但是可扩展第三方的模块进来。比如支持https功能就要安装模块。模块跟Apache都是很类似的，因为框架结构都是一样的
~3. Nginx应用场景：web服务、反向代理（代理一台就叫反向代理）、负载均衡（代理两台就叫负载均衡）
~4.Nginx著名分支，淘宝（图片居多）基于Nginx开发的Tengine，使用上和Nginx一致，服务名，配置文件名都一样，和Nginx的最大区别在于Tenging增加了一些定制化模块，在安全限速方面表现突出，另外它支持对js，css合并
像淘宝，页面图片很多，访问进去的话，一个页面请求就会很多。所以淘宝就想到吧这些小的js、css图片合并起来，一个请求就把他们处理完了。最终就搞了一个Tenging
~5. Nginx核心+lua（一种开发语言）相关的组件和模块组成了一个支持lua的高性能web容器openresty，参考http://jinnianshilongnian.iteye.com/blog/2280928（作为扩展）
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