Enhancing classes
Overloading Methods is using the same method name for multiple methods.
Data scope, When declare a variable within a block{},you cannot access it outside the block{}
Arrays: Integers, doubles, char, String
- String[] str=new String[]
- int[] scores=new int[10]
- char[] letter={‘a’,’b’}
Instantiable Class
Two type of class
- Driver programs: a class contains a main method
- Collections of constants or methods, create object.
String defines String objects String str;
Objects:
- State instance variables
- Behaviors instance methods
Write a driver program
- With a main method
- Constructor to create an object
- Utilizes the objects methods
Write a class definition
- Define instance variables
- Define a Constructor
- Define instance methods
Instantiable class
- state: defined by instance variables
- behaviors: defined by instance methods
- Constructor
Driver programmer
public class TestCounter
{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
//create Counter object
// call click method
//get number of clicks
// print number of clicks
}
}
public class Counter
{
define instance variable
define constructor
{
}
define click method
{
}
define get number of clicks method
{
}
}
Constructor
- A constructor is a special method that contain instructions to setup a newly created object
- Same name as class
- Similar to a method
- No return a value(no void)
- Sets the initial values of instance variables
- Invoked by “new”
The most common error is: instance variables is private, The makes access to them available only by methods within the class
The driver program cannot access instance variables directly.
Instance variables ---------Private
Constrictors-----------------Public
Methods ---------------------Public
Overloading constrictors
Die die1=new Die()
Die die2=new Die()
Object-Oriented Analysis
- So an initial analysis of a banking system might reveal:
- Nouns ie suggested classes in the specification for a banking system:
- Customer
- Account
- Verbs ie suggested methods in the specification for a banking system:
- Open (an account)
- Deposit (money into an account)
- Withdraw (money from an account)
- Close (an account)
Categories of Methods
• Most instance methods fall into one of several categories:
– Manager methods
– Implementor methods
– Access methods
Manager Methods
- Initialise objects
– Constructors
– Having additional constructors makes a class more useful.
Implementor Methods
- Implementor methods represent useful operations that can be performed on instances of the class.
- Implementor methods usually change the state of an object
- The Account class implementor methods:
open,
deposit,
withdraw,
close.
Access Methods
• For access to instance variables, the choice is:
– provide instance methods or
– make the variables public (but this violates good object orientation)
• Accessors (or getters)
– methods that return the value of a private variable.
– by convention, names of getters start with the word get
• Mutators (or setters)
– methods that change the value of a private variable.
– by convention, names of setters start with the word set
This: is used to refer to the object that invoked the method variables
Instance variables
• belong to an object
– are created when an object is constructed
– exist as long as the object exists
• each object has its own copy
– that’s what allows objects to be different
• are automatically initialised (if not explicitly set in a constructor),
– zero for numeric and char variables
– false for boolean variables
– null for reference type variables
• every instance variable should be initialised in a constructor
The static Modifier
• We have used methods that do not require objects
– eg methods of Math class
• These static or class methods are invoked through the class name - not through an object name
• To make a method static, we apply the static modifier to the method definition
static double sqrt (double num)
• And call the method by the class name
System.out.print (“sq rt of 9: “ + Math.sqrt(9))
- The static modifier can be applied to variables as well
- It associates a variable with the class rather than an object
- They are declared with the word static
- Normally, each object has its own data space
- If a variable is declared as static, only one copy of the variable exists
- Eg in the Account class a useful class variable may be
- private static double totalDeposits;
• All objects created from the class share access to the static variable
• Changing the value of a static variable in one object changes it for all others
• Eg to allocate a unique asset number every time a new asset object is created
– A static variable could hold the last used asset number
– Any new asset could increment this number by 1
Inheritance
• enhances software design and promotes reuse
• deriving new classes from existing ones
• the protected modifier
• Overriding
Genetic inheritance
• Genetic inheritance - facts
– Eg Your blood type, hair colour, height, body shape
– Many facts about you (ie, your instance data) are inherited
• Genetic inheritance – behaviour
– eg Sports and leisure interests, loudly or quietly spoken
– Much of your behaviour (ie your methods) are inherited
• Many objects have similarities to other objects
– Eg cars and trucks are similar and examples of vehicles
• A class (car) can have a ‘parent’ (vehicle) from which it inherits some of its data and behaviour
• Inheritance allows a software developer to derive a new class from an existing one
• The existing class is called the parent class, base class or superclass
• The derived class is called the child class or subclass
• As the name implies, the child inherits characteristics (the methods and data) of the parent
Deriving Subclasses
• In Java, we use the reserved word extends to establish an inheritance relationship
public class EmployeeWithCar extends Employee
{
// class contents
}
Advantages of inheritance
• Saves time
– reusing data and methods that already exist
– makes programs easier to write
• Reduces errors
– methods have already been used and tested
Writing Subclass Constructors
• A subclass doesn’t inherit constructors from its superclass
• The constructor for the SavingsAccount class will need to initialize both the balance and interestRate variables
– But the superclass instance variables are likely to be private so they cannot be referenced directly from the subclass
• The hard part of writing a constructor for a subclass is initializing the variables that belong to the superclass
Subclass constructors
• Writing constructors for a subclass is the same, except for initialisation of superclass variables (if private)
public SavingsAccount (double initialBalance, double initialRate)
{
balance = initialBalance; //ERROR
interestRate = initialRate;
}
• As balance was declared as private in the Account class this will not compile – the SavingsAccount class has no access to it
The super Reference
• A child’s constructor is responsible for calling the parent’s constructor
• The first line of a child’s constructor should use the super reference to call the parent’s constructor
• To access a superclass private instance variable we need to use a superclass method…or in this case constructor
• We want to use the parent's constructor to set up the "parent's part" of the object
• The super reference can be used to refer to the parent class, and is often used to invoke the parent's constructor
• The first line of a child’s constructor uses the super reference to call the parent’s constructor
Invoking the superclass constructor
• The SavingsAccount constructor invokes the Account constructor using the word super
public SavingsAccount (double initialBalance, double initialRate)
{
super (initialBalance); //invoke Account constructor
interestRate = initialRate;
}
• The account constructor will initialise the balance variable to the value stored in initialBalance
Superclass constructor parameters
• The subclass constructor must provide all the parameters required by the superclass constructor in order eg.
public Account (String owner, int account, double initial) // superclass constructor
{
name = owner;
acctNumber = account;
balance = initial;
}
public SavingsAccount(String owner, int account, double initial, double rate) // subclass //constructor
{
super (owner, account, initial);
interestRate = rate;
}
Writing Subclass Constructors
• If a subclass constructor fails to include super, the compiler will automatically insert super(); at the beginning of the constructor.
• If a subclass has no constructors at all, the compiler will create a no-arg constructor that contains super(); but no other statements.
•
Controlling Inheritance
• Visibility modifiers determine which class members get inherited and which do not
• Variables and methods declared with public visibility are inherited
• Those with private visibility are not actually inherited in that we need to use the superclass constructor and methods to access them
• But public variables violate our goal of encapsulation!
The protected Modifier
• There is a third visibility modifier that helps in inheritance situations: protected
protected behaves the same as private within a class but allows a member of a base class to be inherited into the child class
private can only be accessed in the same class
protected can only be accessed in the same class or in a subclass
public can be accessed in any class
protected versus private
• Declaring instance variables protected exposes them to all subclasses
• This is a potentially unlimited number and may weaken an object-oriented goal of encapsulation
• If a subclass needs access to these variables it should be able to call a getter or setter method of the superclass
• We will not use protected variables
• Always declare instance variables private
Methods available to a subclass
• Inherit methods from the superclass
– superclass methods can be applied to subclass objects
account1.deposit(200.00);
• Define new methods
public void setInterestRate(double rate);
• Override methods from the superclass
– ie specify a method with the same signature (that is the same name, return type and parameter types) in the subclass
– this method defined in the subclass will take precedence
– Use super to call an overridden method
Using the right method
• Java looks first in the class of the calling object, then in the class’s superclass, then its superclass etc
• Consider the following statement:
account1.deposit(500.00)
• Java first looks for the deposit method in the SavingsAccount class, then in the Account class.
•
Overloading vs. Overriding
• Don't confuse the concepts of overloading and overriding
• Overloading deals with multiple methods in the same class with the same name but different signatures
• Overriding deals with two methods, one in a parent class and one in a child class, that have the same signature
• Overloading lets you define a similar operation in different ways for different data
• Overriding lets you define a similar operation in different ways for different object types
Java method Invoked Methods
• Static(public static)(public static account)
same class(object.method)(bank.account)
• none of static (public account)
account acc1=new account()
acc1.deposit
• overloading
different class
Overloading deals with multiple methods in the same class with the same name but different signatures
import account;(if not same folder)
overloading constructors
Overloading lets you define a similar operation in different ways for different data
• overriding
Inheritance (extends employees)
no inherit
constructors
from super_class
Overriding deals with two methods, one in a parent class and one in a child class,
that have the same signature
Overriding lets you define a similar operation in different ways for different object types
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