printf 用法

format
C string that contains the text to be written to  stdout.
It can optionally contain embedded  format specifiers that are replaced by the values specified in subsequent additional arguments and formatted as requested.

format specifier follows this prototype:  [see compatibility note below] 
%[flags][width][.precision][length]specifier 

Where the  specifier character at the end is the most significant component, since it defines the type and the interpretation of its corresponding argument:
specifierOutputExample
d or iSigned decimal integer392
uUnsigned decimal integer7235
oUnsigned octal610
xUnsigned hexadecimal integer7fa
XUnsigned hexadecimal integer (uppercase)7FA
fDecimal floating point, lowercase392.65
FDecimal floating point, uppercase392.65
eScientific notation (mantissa/exponent), lowercase3.9265e+2
EScientific notation (mantissa/exponent), uppercase3.9265E+2
gUse the shortest representation: %e or %f392.65
GUse the shortest representation: %E or %F392.65
aHexadecimal floating point, lowercase-0xc.90fep-2
AHexadecimal floating point, uppercase-0XC.90FEP-2
cCharactera
sString of characterssample
pPointer addressb8000000
nNothing printed.
The corresponding argument must be a pointer to a signed int.
The number of characters written so far is stored in the pointed location.
 
%% followed by another % character will write a single % to the stream.%

The  format specifier can also contain sub-specifiers:  flagswidth.precision and  modifiers (in that order), which are optional and follow these specifications:

flagsdescription
-Left-justify within the given field width; Right justification is the default (see width sub-specifier).
+Forces to preceed the result with a plus or minus sign (+ or -) even for positive numbers. By default, only negative numbers are preceded with a - sign.
(space)If no sign is going to be written, a blank space is inserted before the value.
#Used with ox or X specifiers the value is preceeded with 00x or 0X respectively for values different than zero.
Used with aAeEfFg or G it forces the written output to contain a decimal point even if no more digits follow. By default, if no digits follow, no decimal point is written.
0Left-pads the number with zeroes (0) instead of spaces when padding is specified (see width sub-specifier).

widthdescription
(number)Minimum number of characters to be printed. If the value to be printed is shorter than this number, the result is padded with blank spaces. The value is not truncated even if the result is larger.
*The width is not specified in the format string, but as an additional integer value argument preceding the argument that has to be formatted.

.precisiondescription
.numberFor integer specifiers (diouxX): precision specifies the minimum number of digits to be written. If the value to be written is shorter than this number, the result is padded with leading zeros. The value is not truncated even if the result is longer. A precision of 0 means that no character is written for the value 0.
For aAeEf and F specifiers: this is the number of digits to be printed after the decimal point.
For g and G specifiers: This is the maximum number of significant digits to be printed.
For s: this is the maximum number of characters to be printed. By default all characters are printed until the ending null character is encountered.
If the period is specified without an explicit value for precision0 is assumed.
.*The precision is not specified in the format string, but as an additional integer value argument preceding the argument that has to be formatted.

The  length sub-specifier modifies the length of the data type. This is a chart showing the types used to interpret the corresponding arguments with and without  length specifier (if a different type is used, the proper type promotion or conversion is performed, if allowed):
  specifiers
lengthd iu o x Xf F e E g G a Acspn
(none)intunsigned intdoubleintchar*void*int*
hh signed char unsigned char         signed char*
hshort intunsigned short int    short int*
llong intunsigned long int wint_twchar_t* long int*
ll long long int unsigned long long int         long long int*
j intmax_t uintmax_t         intmax_t*
z size_t size_t         size_t*
t ptrdiff_t ptrdiff_t         ptrdiff_t*
L  long double    
Note that the  c specifier takes an  int (or  wint_t) as argument, but performs the proper conversion to a  charvalue (or a  wchar_t) before formatting it for output.

Note: Yellow rows indicate specifiers and sub-specifiers introduced by C99.
...  (additional arguments)
Depending on the  format string, the function may expect a sequence of additional arguments, each containing a value to be used to replace a  format specifier in the  format string (or a pointer to a storage location, for  n).
There should be at least as many of these arguments as the number of values specified in the  format specifiers. Additional arguments are ignored by the function.

Return Value

On success, the total number of characters written is returned.

If a writing error occurs, the  error indicator ( ferror) is set and a negative number is returned.

If a multibyte character encoding error occurs while writing wide characters,  errno is set to  EILSEQ and a negative number is returned.

Example

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/* printf example */
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
   printf ("Characters: %c %c \n", 'a', 65);
   printf ("Decimals: %d %ld\n", 1977, 650000L);
   printf ("Preceding with blanks: %10d \n", 1977);
   printf ("Preceding with zeros: %010d \n", 1977);
   printf ("Some different radixes: %d %x %o %#x %#o \n", 100, 100, 100, 100, 100);
   printf ("floats: %4.2f %+.0e %E \n", 3.1416, 3.1416, 3.1416);
   printf ("Width trick: %*d \n", 5, 10);
   printf ("%s \n", "A string");
   return 0;
}


Output:

Characters: a A
Decimals: 1977 650000
Preceding with blanks:       1977
Preceding with zeros: 0000001977
Some different radixes: 100 64 144 0x64 0144
floats: 3.14 +3e+000 3.141600E+000
Width trick:    10
A string
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