使用Axis2的底层API开发Web Service Server端

1.使用Axis2的底层API开发Web Service Server端

  1.1创建一个WebService(取名为MyService)

  在MyService中有两个operations,如下所示。

  public void ping(OMElement element){}//IN-ONLY模式。仅仅接收OMElement,并对其处理。

  public OMElement echo(OMElement element){}//IN_OUT模式。接收OMElemen,并返回OMElement。

  1.2如何写Web Service

  1)创建实现服务的类。

  2)创建services.xml来解析这个Web Service。

  3)将其打包成一个*.aar文档(Axis Archive)。

  4)部署Web Service。

  1.2.1 创建实现服务的类

  此类中提供的方法必须与Web Service(在services.xml中声明)中的operations对应。除非你提供了数据绑定,否则所有的方法只能接收一个参数,其类型为OMElement。

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
public class MyService{
  public void ping(OMElement element){...}
  public OMElement echo(OMElement element){...}
}

  MyService.java

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
package userguide.example1;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMElement;
import org.apache.axis2.AxisFault;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLStreamException;
public class MyService {
   public OMElement echo(OMElement element) throws XMLStreamException {
     //Praparing the OMElement so that it can be attached to another OM Tree.
     //First the OMElement should be completely build in case it is not fully built and still
     //some of the xml is in the stream.
    element.build();
     //Secondly the OMElement should be detached from the current OMTree so that it can
     // be attached some other OM Tree. Once detached the OmTree will remove its
    // connections to this OMElement.
    element.detach();
     return element;
  }
   public void ping(OMElement element) throws XMLStreamException {
     //Do some processing
  }
   public void pingF(OMElement element) throws AxisFault{
     throw new AxisFault( "Fault being thrown" );
  }
}

  1.2.2 创建services.xml

  Axis2使用services.xml来充当一个Web Servicea的配置文件。每一个使用Axis2部署的Web Service都必须拥有一个services.xml。

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
<services>
 <description>
  This is a sample Web Service with two operations,echo and ping.
 </description>
 <parameter name=”ServiceClass” locked=” false ”>
 userguide.example1.MyService
 </parameter>
 <operation name=”echo”>
  <messageReceiver class =”org.apache.axis2.receivers.RawXMLINOutMessageReceiver”/>
  <actionMapping>urn:echo</actionMapping>
 </operation>
 <operation name=”ping”>
  <messageReceiver class =”org.apache.receivers.RawXMLINOnlyMessageReceiver”/>
  <actionMapping>urn:ping</actionMapping>
 </operation>
</service>

  注:The actionMapping is required only if you want to enable WS-Addressing.

  可以创建一个services.xml,其中包含一组服务。这样在运行期,你可以在这些服务间共享信息。

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
<serviceGroup>
 <service name=”Service1”>
  <!--details for Services1-->
 </service>
<service name=”Service2”>
  <!--details for Services2-->
 </service>
 <module ref=”ModuleName”/>
 <parameter name=”serviceGroupParam1” locked=” false ”>value1</parameter>
</serviceGroup>

  注:name of the service is a compulsory attribute.

  1.2.3打包与部署

  这里不再详述,参见《基于Tomcat5.0和Axis2开发Web Service应用实例 》。

  2.使用Axis2底层APIs实现Web Service客户端

  2.1ClientUtil

  创建一个客户端通用的SOAP包装Util文件。封装"getEchoOMElement"和"getPingOMElement"分别对应"echo"和"ping"这两个operation。

  ClientUtil.java

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
package userguide.clients;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMAbstractFactory;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMElement;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMFactory;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMNamespace;
public class ClientUtil {
   public static OMElement getEchoOMElement() {
    OMFactory fac = OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory();
    OMNamespace omNs = fac.createOMNamespace(
         "<a href=" %5C%22http: //example1.org/example1%5C%22">http://example1.org/example1</a>", "example1");
    OMElement method = fac.createOMElement( "echo" , omNs);
    OMElement value = fac.createOMElement( "Text" , omNs);
    value.addChild(fac.createOMText(value, "Axis2 Echo String " ));
    method.addChild(value);
     return method;
  }
   public static OMElement getPingOMElement() {
    OMFactory fac = OMAbstractFactory.getOMFactory();
    OMNamespace omNs = fac.createOMNamespace(
         "<a href=" %5C%22http: //example1.org/example1%5C%22">http://example1.org/example1</a>", "example1");
    OMElement method = fac.createOMElement( "ping" , omNs);
    OMElement value = fac.createOMElement( "Text" , omNs);
    value.addChild(fac.createOMText(value, "Axis2 Ping String " ));
    method.addChild(value);
     return method;
  }
}



2.2Axis2向用户提供了从blocking single channel调用到non-blocking dual channel调用的多种调用Web Service的模式。下面用最简单的blocking调用机制来实现”MyService”中的"echo" operation。

  EchoBlockingClient.java

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
package userguide.clients;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMElement;
import org.apache.axis2.AxisFault;
import org.apache.axis2.addressing.EndpointReference;
import org.apache.axis2.client.Options;
import org.apache.axis2.client.ServiceClient;
/**
* Sample for synchronous single channel blocking service invocation.
* Message Exchage Pattern IN-OUT
*/
public class EchoBlockingClient {
private static EndpointReference targetEPR =
new EndpointReference( "<a href=" %5C%22http: //localhost:8080/axis2/services/MyService%5C%22">http://localhost:8080/axis2/services/MyService</a>");
   public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
      OMElement payload = ClientUtil.getEchoOMElement();
      Options options = new Options();
      options.setTo(targetEPR); // this sets the location of MyService service
      ServiceClient serviceClient = new ServiceClient();
      serviceClient.setOptions(options);
      OMElement result = sender.sendReceive(payload);
      System.out.println(result);
} catch (AxisFault axisFault) {
     axisFault.printStackTrace();
}
}

  绿色部分显示了为了调用一个Web Service而需要对operation作的设置。剩下的部分是用来创建OMElement,用来发送和显示相应的OMElement。

  结果:

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
<example1:echo xmlns:example1= "<a href=" %5C%22http: //example1.org/example1%5C%22">http://example1.org/example1</a>"
xmlns:tns= "<a href=" %5C%22http: //ws.apache.org/axis2%5C%22">http://ws.apache.org/axis2</a>">
<example1:Text>
Axis2 Echo String
</example1:Text>
</example1:echo>

  2.3 PingClient

  在”MyService”中,我们有一种IN-ONLY模式的名为"ping"的operation。应用它的客户端代码如下:

  PingClient.java

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
package userguide.clients;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMElement;
import org.apache.axis2.AxisFault;
import org.apache.axis2.addressing.EndpointReference;
import org.apache.axis2.client.Options;
import org.apache.axis2.client.ServiceClient;
/**
* Sample for fire-and-forget service invocation
* Message Exchage Pattern IN-Only
*/
public class PingClient {
private static EndpointReference targetEPR =
new EndpointReference( "<a href=" %5C%22http: //localhost:8080/axis2/services/MyService%5C%22">http://localhost:8080/axis2/services/MyService</a>");
   public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
    OMElement payload = ClientUtil.getPingOMElement();
    Options options = new Options();
    options.setTo(targetEPR);
    ServiceClient serviceClient = new ServiceClient();
    serviceClient.setOptions(options);
    serviceClient.fireAndForget(payload);
     /**
     * We have to block this thread untill we send the request , the problem
     * is if we go out of the main thread , then request wont send ,so
     * you have to wait some time :)
     */
    Thread.sleep( 500 );
   }
catch (AxisFault axisFault) {
      axisFault.printStackTrace();
   }
}

  由于我们在访问一个IN-ONLY模式的operation,所以我们可以直接使用ServiceClient中的"fireAndForget()"方法来调用这个operation。而且那样做的话,不会阻塞发起端,因此,它会立刻将控制权返回给客户端。

  2.4 EchoNonBlockingClient

  在客户端EchoBlockingClient,一旦调用"serviceClient.sendReceive(payload);",客户端将会被阻塞直到operation完成。这种方式在有很多Web Service需要在一个单一的客户端应用程序中启动时很不可取。一种解决方法是使用Non-Blocking API来调用这些Web Services。Axis2提供给用户一种基于回叫机制的non-blocking API。

  EchoNonBlockingClient.java

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
package userguide.clients;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMElement;
import org.apache.axis2.AxisFault;
import org.apache.axis2.addressing.EndpointReference;
import org.apache.axis2.client.Options;
import org.apache.axis2.client.ServiceClient;
import org.apache.axis2.client.async.AsyncResult;
import org.apache.axis2.client.async.Callback;
/**
* Sample for asynchronous single channel non-blocking service invocation.
* Message Exchage Pattern IN-OUT
*/
public class EchoNonBlockingClient {
private static EndpointReference targetEPR =
new EndpointReference( "<a href=" %5C%22http: //127.0.0.1:8080/axis2/services/MyService%5C%22">http://127.0.0.1:8080/axis2/services/MyService</a>");
   public static void main(String[] args) {
    ServiceClient sender = null ;
     try {
      OMElement payload = ClientUtil.getEchoOMElement();
      Options options = new Options();
      options.setTo(targetEPR);
       //Callback to handle the response
      Callback callback = new Callback() {
         public void onComplete(AsyncResult result) {
          System.out.println(result.getResponseEnvelope());
        }
         public void onError(Exception e) {
          e.printStackTrace();
        }
      };
       //Non-Blocking Invocation
      sender = new ServiceClient();
      sender.setOptions(options);
      sender.sendReceiveNonBlocking(payload, callback);
       //Wait till the callback receives the response.
       while (!callback.isComplete()) {
        Thread.sleep( 1000 );
      }
    } catch (AxisFault axisFault) {
      axisFault.printStackTrace();
    } catch (Exception ex) {
      ex.printStackTrace();
    } finally {
       try {
        sender.finalizeInvoke();
      } catch (AxisFault axisFault) { }
    }
  }
}

结果:
双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
<?xml version= '1.0' encoding= 'utf-8' ?>
<soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv= "<a href=" %5C%22http: //schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/%5C%22">http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/</a>">
<soapenv:Header />
<soapenv:Body>
<example1:echo xmlns:example1= "<a href=" %5C%22http: //example1.org/example1%5C%22">http://example1.org/example1</a>"
xmlns:tns= "<a href=" %5C%22http: //ws.apache.org/axis2%5C%22">http://ws.apache.org/axis2</a>">
<example1:Text>
Axis2 Echo String
</example1:Text>
</example1:echo>
</soapenv:Body>
</soapenv:Envelope>
  sender.sendReceiveNonBlocking(payload, callback);这个调用接受一个callback对象作为参数。Axis2客户端API提供了一个抽象类CallBack,其中提供了方法:
public abstract void onComplete(AsyncResult result);
public abstract void onError(Exception e);
public boolean isComplete() {}
  用户需要重写"onComplete " 和 "onError "方法。一旦客户端收到Web Service的response,onComplete方法将会被调用,这样将中止阻塞状态。

  2.5EchoNonBlockingDualClient

  当调用的Web Service需要很长一段时间来完成时,这种由Non-Blocking API提供的解决方式将有一定的局限性。这种局限性是由使用单一的传输连接来调用Web Service并接收response造成的。换句话说,客户端提供一种没有阻塞的调用机制,但request和response的传输使用单一的传输(双工方式)连接(如HTTP)。长时间运行的Web Service调用或Web Service调用使用单工传输方式(如SMTP)不能简单地利用一个没有阻塞的调用。

  一种尝试地解决方法是request和response各自使用单独的传输连接(单工或双工均可)。这种方式产生的问题是如何解决相关性(关联request和response)。WS-Addressing提供了一种很好的解决方法,在头中使用<wsa:MessageID> 和 <wsa:RelatesTo> 标签。Axis2对这种基于关联机制的寻址方式提供了支持。

  用户可以选择Blocking 或Non-Blocking APIs的Web Service,并使用两个传输连接。通过使用一个布尔标记,同一个API可以调用多个在两个传输连接上的Web Services(IN-OUT operations)。下例使用Non-Blocking API 以及两个传输连接来实现上文中提到的"echo" operation。

  EchoNonBlockingDualClient.java

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
package userguide.clients;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMElement;
import org.apache.axis2.AxisFault;
import org.apache.axis2.Constants;
import org.apache.axis2.addressing.EndpointReference;
import org.apache.axis2.client.Options;
import org.apache.axis2.client.ServiceClient;
import org.apache.axis2.client.async.AsyncResult;
import org.apache.axis2.client.async.Callback;
import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
/**
* Sample for asynchronous dual channel non-blocking service invocation.
* Message Exchage Pattern IN-OUT
* Ulitmate asynchronous service invocation sample.
*/
public class EchoNonBlockingDualClient {
private static EndpointReference targetEPR =
new EndpointReference( "<a href=" %5C%22http: //127.0.0.1:8080/axis2/services/MyService%5C%22">http://127.0.0.1:8080/axis2/services/MyService</a>");
   public static void main(String[] args) {
    ServiceClient sender = null ;
     try {
      OMElement payload = ClientUtil.getEchoOMElement();
      Options options = new Options();
      options.setTo(targetEPR);
      options.setTransportInProtocol(Constants.TRANSPORT_HTTP);
      options.setUseSeparateListener( true );
      options.setAction( "urn:echo" );  // this is the action mapping we put within the service.xml
       //Callback to handle the response
      Callback callback = new Callback() {
         public void onComplete(AsyncResult result) {
          System.out.println(result.getResponseEnvelope());
        }
         public void onError(Exception e) {
          e.printStackTrace();
        }
      };
       //Non-Blocking Invocation
      ConfigurationContext sysContext = ConfigurationContextFactory
      .createConfigurationContextFromFileSystem(
       "D:DvpAxis2axis2WEB-INF" , null ); //见注解①
      sender = new ServiceClient(sysContext, null );
      sender.engageModule( new QName(Constants.MODULE_ADDRESSING));
      sender.setOptions(options);
      sender.sendReceiveNonBlocking(payload, callback);
       //Wait till the callback receives the response.
       while (!callback.isComplete()) {
        Thread.sleep( 1000 );
      }
       //Need to close the Client Side Listener.
    } catch (AxisFault axisFault) {
      axisFault.printStackTrace();
    } catch (Exception ex) {
      ex.printStackTrace();
    } finally {
       try {
        sender.finalizeInvoke();
      } catch (AxisFault axisFault) {
         //have to ignore this
      }
    }
  }
}



注解①

  RE: [Axis2] 0.95 WS-Addressing web SERVICE-SIDE: module not found

  I now have managed to get EchoNonBlockingDualClient working. I still can't get the original code to work, where ever I put addressing-0.95.mar, but the ConfigurationContext works.

  The code I ended up with was:

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
ConfigurationContext sysContext = ConfigurationContextFactory
      .createConfigurationContextFromFileSystem(
       "C:axis2" , null );
 sender = new ServiceClient(sysContext, null );

  with no need, obviously, for the .engageModule method.

  I did discover though that the directory which the ConfigurationContext points to has to have two directories within it: "conf", which must contain the axis.xml configuration file, and the "modules" directory which contains addressing-0.95.mar.

  在方法"options.setUseSeparateListener(...)"中的布尔标记通知通知Axis2引擎使用两个不同的传输连接来分别处理request和response。Finally中的 "serviceClient.finalizeInvoke()"方法通知Axis2引擎停用客户端的用于接收response的listener。

  在我们运行客户端的例程之前,我们还有一件事情要做。如前面提到的,Axis2使用基于地址的关联机制,因此我们必须在服务器端和客户端“搭建”寻址模块。

  结果:

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
<?xml version= '1.0' encoding= 'utf-8' ?>
<soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv= "<a href=" %5C%22http: //schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/%5C%22">http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/</a>" xmlns:wsa="<a href="%5C%22http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing%5C%22">http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing</a>">
<soapenv:Header>
<wsa:To>http: //59.14.131.187:6060/axis2/services/__ANONYMOUS_SERVICE__/__OPERATION_OUT_IN__
</wsa:To>
<wsa:ReplyTo>
<wsa:Address>
<a href= "%5C%22http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing/anonymous%5C%22" >http://www.w3.org/ 2005 / 08 /addressing/anonymous</a>
</wsa:Address>
</wsa:ReplyTo>
<wsa:From>
<wsa:Address>
<a href= "%5C%22http://127.0.0.1:8080/axis2/services/MyService%5C%22" >http:// 127.0 . 0.1 : 8080 /axis2/services/MyService</a>
</wsa:Address>
</wsa:From>
<wsa:FaultTo>
<wsa:Address>
<a href= "%5C%22http://127.0.0.1:8080/axis2/services/MyService%5C%22" >http:// 127.0 . 0.1 : 8080 /axis2/services/MyService</a>
</wsa:Address>
</wsa:FaultTo>
<wsa:MessageID>
urn:uuid:B087CBB98F1B51A24711742241136206
</wsa:MessageID>
<wsa:Action>urn:echo</wsa:Action>
<wsa:RelatesTo wsa:RelationshipType= "wsa:Reply" >
urn:uuid:CA4B9513377E6E9E1511742241130391
</wsa:RelatesTo>
</soapenv:Header>
<soapenv:Body>
<example1:echo xmlns:example1= "<a href=" %5C%22http: //example1.org/example1%5C%22">http://example1.org/example1</a>" xmlns:tns="<a href="%5C%22http://ws.apache.org/axis2%5C%22">http://ws.apache.org/axis2</a>">
<example1:Text>
Axis2 Echo String
</example1:Text>
</example1:echo>
</soapenv:Body>
</soapenv:Envelope>
[SimpleHTTPServer] Stop called

  2.6 实现服务器端的寻址

  根据Axis2的结构,寻址模块在"pre-dispatch"阶段已经给出它的句柄。因此,所谓的“搭建”仅仅是在”axis2.xml”(注意不是services.xml)增加一个模块的引用。现在将下面这行字加入到axis2.xml,该文件在"/webapps/axis2/WEB-INF/conf"目录下。

  <module ref="addressing"/>

  注: 一旦你改变了axis2.xml,你必须重启这个servlet容器,改变才能生效。

  2.7 实现客户端的寻址

  有两种方式。

  一种方法是在%Axis2_HOME%axis2-std-1.0-binmodules目录下得到addressing-<version>.mar。并且在你的classpath中对其可见。(此种方法目前,我还没有调试成功,具体见注解①。下面的第二种方法可用)

  另一种方法是创建一个ConfigurationContext,指定一个repository位置。Axis2支持repository的方式来保存服务和模块。

  你可以使用二进制distribution作为repository,只要它含有一个Axis2 repository认可的repository结构(其中应包含services和modules目录)。ConfigurationContext 中含有Axis2体系的运行时的上下文信息。

  如果你解压一个标准的二进制distribution到目录(譬如)$user_home/axis2/dist, 那么在 sender = new ServiceClient();之前加入(具体见EchoNonBlockingDualClient.java):

new ServiceClient();之前加入(具体见EchoNonBlockingDualClient.java):
双击代码全选
1
2
3
ConfigurationContext configContext =
ConfigurationContextFactory.createConfigurationContextFromFileSystem(< Axis2RepositoryLocation >, null );
  用 "sender = new ServiceClient(configContext, null);" 替换 "sender = new ServiceClient();"

  这样可以在客户端和服务器端都实现寻址。

  2.8 EchoBlockingDualClient

  这又是一个两路的传输的request/response客户端,但这次,我们使用一个Blocking API。实现机制和EchoNonBlockingDualClient差不多,唯一的不同是,这里不需要使用一个callback对象来处理response。

  EchoBlockingDualClient.java

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
package userguide.clients;
import org.apache.axiom.om.OMElement;
import org.apache.axis2.AxisFault;
import org.apache.axis2.Constants;
import org.apache.axis2.addressing.EndpointReference;
import org.apache.axis2.client.Options;
import org.apache.axis2.client.ServiceClient;
import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
import javax.xml.stream.XMLOutputFactory;
import java.io.StringWriter;
/**
* Sample for synchronous dual channel blocking service invocation.
* Message Exchage Pattern IN-OUT
*/
public class EchoBlockingDualClient {
private static EndpointReference targetEPR =
new EndpointReference( "<a href=" %5C%22http: //127.0.0.1:8080/axis2/services/MyService%5C%22">http://127.0.0.1:8080/axis2/services/MyService</a>");
   public static void main(String[] args) {
    ServiceClient sender = null ;
     try {
      OMElement payload = ClientUtil.getEchoOMElement();
      Options options = new Options();
      options.setTo(targetEPR);
      options.setAction( "urn:echo" );
       //The boolean flag informs the axis2 engine to use two separate transport connection
       //to retrieve the response.
      options.setTransportInProtocol(Constants.TRANSPORT_HTTP);
      options.setUseSeparateListener( true );
       //Blocking Invocation
      ConfigurationContext sysContext = ConfigurationContextFactory
      .createConfigurationContextFromFileSystem(
       "D:DvpAxis2axis2WEB-INF" , null );
      sender = new ServiceClient(sysContext, null );
      sender.engageModule( new QName(Constants.MODULE_ADDRESSING));
      sender.setOptions(options);
      OMElement result = sender.sendReceive(payload);
      StringWriter writer = new StringWriter();
      result.serialize(XMLOutputFactory.newInstance().createXMLStreamWriter(writer));
      writer.flush();
      System.out.println(writer.toString());
       //Need to close the Client Side Listener.
    } catch (AxisFault axisFault) {
      axisFault.printStackTrace();
    } catch (Exception ex) {
      ex.printStackTrace();
    } finally {
       try {
        sender.finalizeInvoke();
      } catch (AxisFault axisFault) {
         //
      }
    }
  }
}

  结果:

双击代码全选
1
2
3
4
5
6
<example1:echo xmlns:example1="http: //example1.org/example1
" xmlns:tns=" http: //ws.apache.org/axis2
">
<example1:Text>Axis2 Echo String </example1:Text>
</example1:echo>
[SimpleHTTPServer] Stop called

  本文出自 “子 孑” 博客,请务必保留此出处http://zhangjunhd.blog.51cto.com/113473/25592



  • 0
    点赞
  • 0
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么?

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值