SAP系统管理常用到的事务代码

一,SAP系统管理常用到的事务代码
1. SM51 SAP Servers System Monitoring
2. SM21 SAP系统日志
3. SRZL SAP计算机中心管理系统(CCMS) 建议初学者重点学习.
4. RZ20 Alert Monitor. 工作负载报警监视器.(CCMS下的)
5. ST06 Operating System Monitor,用于分析整个SAP技术栈的性能.
6. ST03N Workload Moniter,负载监视器,用于钻取在线及批量负载,"最常用的40个"事务,峰值负载细节及某一时间内执行的事务.
7. SSAA 用于执行常规的日,周和月的系统管理功能.
8. SMLG 用于监控SAP登录负载运行是否均衡;用F5可以钻取面向特定用户组的性能数据.
9. AL08 用于检查登录到某个SAP应用服务器上的最终用户及显示他们正在执行的事务.
10. ST07 用于检查登录到整个系统的最终用户,系统用户可根据功能区域分类(如SAP ECC,FI,MM,PM,PS,SD等).
11. SM66 用于查看SAP系统中与每个应用程序及批处理服务器的进程执行相关的系统级别的性能.
12. ST22 用于查看ABAP dump,这样就可以鉴定程序错误.这有助于将这类问题反馈给到相关部门或开发组.
附: SAP Online Help.http://help.sap.com

二,性能管理相关的CCMS事务

(1)用户和应用服务器分布 ST07及AL08
ST07可以让你看到包括所有的应用服务器在内的整个系统中有多少用户登录进来.还可以根据功能分区来将数字拆分细化,还可查看历史数据.
AL08可以显示已登录终端用户总数,可根据用户登录的应用服务器进行划分,因此可对某个系统的应用服务器负载均衡情况进行分析.可显示每个终端用户在执行的事务,从而可以实时地对系统负载类型进行分析.

(2)管理负载均衡 SMLG
可用来查看某种登录负载均衡机制的工作情况.此事务可用于设置登录组,还可以监视每个登录组的性能.按F5可查看每个登录组的响应时统计数据.(SMLG可补充AL08的功能,显示所登录的用户数量,显示每个登录组的响应时.)

(3)数据库概述与性能 DB02及ST04
DB02可跟踪数据库如何随着时间的增长而增长,也可跟踪索引的数量以及它们的大小,数量和历史发展趋势.
ST04(Database Performance Analysis)数据库性能分析事务,它可以实时地分析缓存命中率,逻辑读对物理读的对比,关键"缓冲区繁忙等待(Buffer Busy Waits)"值,以及更多其它信息.
注意,如果需要确定最近某一种变动对数据库性能的影响,这些实时数据的统计数据是可以复位的.借助Detail Analysis Menu(详细分析菜单),你可根据特定SQL需求或表的访问来深入到整个活动,异常事件,资源消耗量以及更多的历史数据当中.

(4)升级,锁定和磁盘子系统性能 SM12及SM13
如果想要知道升级的应用情况是"提交"到数据库的情况是否存在锁定项(lock entry)的话,要通过SM12(数据锁定项,Database Lock Entries及SM13(管理员更新记录,Administrator Update Records)来完成.
用SM12来浏览与某个数据库表,用户或客户相关的锁定项.
用SM13来跟踪和监测实时的数据升级.

(5)内存管理和优化统计 ST02
优化统计(Tune Summary),能够实时查看每个SAP应用服务器的内存及多个缓冲区的运行情况.就某个负载而言,如果缓冲区没有正确配置或是未被优化,那么在Swaps列就会显示出缓冲区的值越积越大,并用红色高亮显示出来,这就我们就很容易鉴别出问题所在的区域.
ST02不仅可以管理缓存,还可跟踪每台应用服务器的内存使用情况.要特别注意当前扩展内存的使用率(与高峰时期相比).同样,要经常检查堆内存(heap memory)的使用是否已最小化.
堆内存是特定于工作过程的.当程序使用工作过程的共享内存时,它必须采用独立维护内存的PRIV模式.此时,正在执行的程序是无法切换到另一个工作过程的,它会被一直阻塞直到程序执行结束.程序结束后,系统会重启动工作过程,一切又恢复正常(程序在何处进出内存要视SAP系统的需要而定).
(6)响应时和负载性能 ST03及ST03N
监视自身的负荷是性能管理中最重要的一个组成部分.ST03及ST03N就可以执行负载监控器(workload monitor).它既可以为你显示总体工作负荷的情况,也可以根据对话,批处理,升级和其他任务类型来分拆显示.点击Transication Profile按钮就可以根据响应时对每种类型的结果进行排序.这里,你可以分析哪些工作消耗最多的数据库时间(DB请求时间),CPU时间和其它核心组件的响应时间的事务程序.你还可以查看不同的时间段内的合计值,时间段可以从15分钟到1个月.查看并跟踪每天每小时处理的总的对话数,这样就你可以了解一天内每个小时的工作负荷情况.
此外,ST03N还能跟踪数据的直接读取,序列读取和变更(数据库更新或提交).此外,它还可以获得每个事务请求的平均字节数.这样就可以确定某个系统当前支持的磁盘负荷.
除了纯粹的响应时指标之外,ST03的"Time Pfofile"和"Transaction Profile"按钮还支持量化某个特定时间段内的系统负荷,或是根据特定工作负荷来确定哪些事务是最常用的,从而产生了哪些相关硬件的负荷.
事务ST03G使你可以查看并分析与外部系统相关的负荷,以及对跨多个系统的业务过程的系统性能分析.这是对ST03一个强有力的补充.
一般来说,数据库正常运行时,应该符合以下几个参数值:
(1)Data Buffer Quality至少为94%.在系统重启后,Buffer值一般不能立即读入,此时Qulity值也很低,所以通过等到Reads超过20 000 000以后,才来计算Qulity的值.
(2)Time/user call<20ms
(3)SQL area pinratio>97%.


(7)OS监控器 ST06
OS Monitor(ST06)是另一个可以显示大量实时性能数据的SAP事务.它包括了根据用户,系统和空闲时间来进行排序的CPU利用率,CPU进程队列(也称为CPU负荷计数).
内存OS监控还支持检查短期历史数据;点击"Datail Analysis Menu,详细分析茶单"就可以访问到根据主硬件子系统及应用服务器划分的历史数据信息.
有了这些历史数据,你就可以将在OS和数据库那里所收集到的磁盘性能指标以SAP可见的方式进行管理.你还可以查看过去24小时中每小时CPU的负载情况,这样容易确定负载峰值,还可监视并分析CPU的吞吐性能(如执行SP03N来查看某一段特定时间内的对话数量).同样,深入SAP性能数据库也使得从 OS监控器那里获取其他通用服务器或某一具体服务器的性能分析变得容易起来.你可以将这些数字与你通过基于硬件或OS的性能工具那里收集到的结果进行比较或是关联.
OS监控器或事务ST06即提供了实时的性能快照也可以对历史数据进行访问.
通过它可以综合分析出CPU,交换空间,以及内存的使用率,总结出操作系统的性能.

(8)监视活动工作过程 SM50和SM66
它们都可以查看系统中工作过程的活动情况.SM50显示了特定应用服务器(实际上是你现在登录的那台)所配置的全部工作过程,而SM66则显示了所有应用服务器上的全部活动工作过程.特别是SM66,它可以获取某台服务器平台上的活动用户或对话的数量;一般来讲,平台的速度越快,某段时间内的活动过程就越少.
SM50:工作进程管理,一个应用服务器一般有DIA,UPD,ENQ,BTC,SPO五种类型的工作进程.
DIA:为前台工作进程,一个instance至少要有两个DIA,否则根本起不来.
UPD,UPD2是立即更新进程(有些系统中为VB1,VB2进程),其中UPD

附:
%pc可协助我们将原始SAP GUI输出加载到EXCEL中(其它多种格式也可以).

三,其它
1. SU01:用户维护.
2. SM04:显示系统中当前活动用户. AL08可以将一个系统中多台服务器的用户都统计在一起.
3. SU10:用户主记录大量修改,可根据'地址数据'或'权限数据'.
4. SU22:事务中权限对象的用法.
5. SU53:显示权限数据.
6. SUIM:用户信息系统.
7. ST01:系统轨迹,通常用于记录系统内部的活动.
8. ST04:数据库性能分析.
9. RZ10:维护系统的参数文件.
10. RZ11:显示系统参数文件的参数属性.
11. SM36:定义后台作业.
12. SM37:作业选择概览.
13. SE01/SE09/SE10:传输组织者.
14. SM59:RFC目的(显示和维护)
15. SPAM:支持包管理.(SAP系统支持包的更新会明显的提高系统性能.)


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转载于:http://blog.itpub.net/12713008/viewspace-536482/

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SAP Process Orchestration The Comprehensive Guide, 2nd Edition SAP流程编制综合指南 1 Introduction to SAP Process Orchestration 1.1 Historical Overview and Evolution 1.1.1 SAP Process Integration 1.1.2 SAP Composition Environment 1.1.3 SAP Process Orchestration 1.1.4 SAP Process Orchestration 7.5 Highlights 1.2 SAP Process Orchestration Components 1.2.1 SAP Process Integration 1.2.2 Business Process Management 1.2.3 Business Rules Management 1.3 Architectural Overview and Positioning 1.3.1 SAP Process Orchestration Positioning 1.3.2 SAP NetWeaver Application Server for Java: System Architecture 1.3.3 SAP NetWeaver AS Java System Logical Layers 1.4 Installation Options 1.4.1 Case 1: SAP Process Integration Dual Stack 1.4.2 Case 2: SAP PI Dual Stack and SAP Composition Environment in Separate Installations 1.4.3 Case 3: SAP PI Single Stack and SAP Composition Environment in Separate Installations 1.4.4 Case 4: SAP PO—SAP PI and SAP Composition Environment in a Single Installation 1.5 Summary 2 Administration and Development Tools 2.1 SAP Process Orchestration Tools 2.1.1 Enterprise Services Repository 2.1.2 Integration Directory 2.1.3 System Landscape Directory 2.1.4 Configuration and Monitoring 2.2 SAP NetWeaver Administrator 2.2.1 Availability and Performance 2.2.2 Operations 2.2.3 Configuration 2.2.4 Troubleshooting 2.2.5 SOA 2.3 SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio 2.3.1 Use and Download 2.3.2 SAP Process Orchestration and SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio 2.4 Summary Part II Advanced Adapter Engine Extended (AEX) 3 Configuring the System Landscape Directory 3.1 System Landscape Directory Components and Features 3.1.1 Landscape 3.1.2 Software Catalog 3.1.3 Development 3.2 Registering Systems to the System Landscape Directory 3.2.1 Connecting to ABAP-Based Systems 3.2.2 Connecting to Java-Based Systems 3.2.3 Connecting to Other Systems 3.3 Administration of the System Landscape Directory 3.3.1 Server 3.3.2 Data and Content 3.4 System Landscape Directory Strategies 3.4.1 Manual Export and Import of Data 3.4.2 Automatic Bridge Forwarding 3.4.3 Full Automatic Synchronization 3.5 Tips and Tricks 3.5.1 Naming Convention 3.5.2 Keeping Your System Landscape Directory Catalogs Up to Date 3.5.3 Self-Registration of a Java-Based System with the SLD 3.5.4 Configuring Data Suppliers from One SLD to Another 3.5.5 Manual Export and Import of Data 3.5.6 Connecting the SLD to CTS+ to Facilitate the Export and Import of SLD Data 3.6 Exercise: Configuring the System Landscape Directory 3.6.1 Exercise Description 3.6.2 Exercise Solution Approach 3.6.3 Exercise Step-by-Step Solution 3.7 Summary 4 Working with the Enterprise Services Repository and Registry 4.1 Basic ES Repository Technical Concepts 4.1.1 Functional Blocks 4.1.2 First Steps in the Enterprise Services Repository 4.1.3 Service Interface 4.1.4 Integration Patterns: Stateful and Stateless Communication 4.1.5 Asynchronous versus Synchronous 4.1.6 Quality of Service 4.2 Design Objects 4.2.1 Software Component Versions 4.2.2 Folders 4.2.3 Namespaces 4.2.4 Mappings 4.2.5 Process Integration Scenario 4.2.6 Actions 4.3 Data Types and Message Types 4.3.1 Data Types 4.3.2 External Definitions 4.3.3 Message Type 4.3.4 Additional Design Objects 4.4 Exercise: Working with the ES Repository and Registry 4.4.1 Exercise Description 4.4.2 Exercise Solution Approach 4.4.3 Exercise Step-by-Step Solution 4.5 Summary 5 Working with the Integration Directory 5.1 Integration Directory Overview 5.2 Collaboration Profiles 5.2.1 Party 5.2.2 Communication Component 5.2.3 Communication Channel 5.2.4 Communication Component without a Party 5.3 Adapter Types 5.3.1 Technical Adapters to Enable Communication with SAP or Third-Party Systems 5.3.2 Application Adapters to Enable Communication with an SAP System 5.3.3 SAP Industry Adapters 5.3.4 Third-Party-Developed Adapters 5.4 Integrated Configuration 5.4.1 Inbound Processing 5.4.2 Receiver 5.4.3 Receiver Interfaces 5.4.4 Outbound Processing 5.5 The XI Message Protocol 5.6 Configuration Scenario 5.6.1 Creating a Configuration Scenario from Scratch (Manually) 5.6.2 Creating a Configuration Scenario from a Model 5.7 Value Mapping 5.7.1 If/Else Logic 5.7.2 Fixed Values 5.7.3 Value Mapping 5.8 Business-to-Business Integration 5.8.1 Business-to-Business On Premise 5.8.2 Business-to-Business Managed Services 5.8.3 Trading Partner Management 5.9 Axis Framework 5.10 Representational State Transfer Adapter 5.11 Message Alerting 5.11.1 Alert Rule Overview 5.11.2 Creating an Alert Rule 5.11.3 Editing or Deleting a Rule 5.12 Publish the Service in the Services Registry 5.13 Integration Directory Programming Interface (Directory API) 5.14 Exercise: Working with the Integration Directory 5.14.1 Exercise Description 5.14.2 Exercise Solution Approach 5.14.3 Exercise Step-by-Step Solution 5.15 Summary 6 Building an Integration Flow 6.1 SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio 6.1.1 Installing SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio 6.1.2 Setting Up SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio 6.1.3 Enterprise Integration Patterns and User-Defined Templates 6.2 Basics of Creating and Configuring an Integration Flow 6.2.1 Creating an iFlow 6.2.2 Configuring an iFlow 6.3 iFlow Example 6.3.1 Creating Products, Software Components, Business Systems, and Technical Systems in the SLD 6.3.2 Importing SLD Objects into the ES Repository in SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio 6.3.3 Create Enterprise Service Repository Objects 6.3.4 Create Directory Objects: Import Business Systems and Create iFlows 6.3.5 Testing the iFlow Scenario 6.3.6 Monitoring the Scenario 6.4 New Features of the Process Integration Designer 6.4.1 Export Objects from the Integration Designer 6.4.2 Automatically Deploy after Import 6.4.3 Version History and Deployment Status 6.5 Supporting Multiple Senders for Your iFlow 6.6 Exercise: Building an Integration Flow 6.6.1 Exercise Description 6.6.2 Exercise Solution Approach 6.6.3 Exercise Step-by-Step Solution 6.7 Summary 7 Administration and Monitoring in AEX 7.1 Administration 7.1.1 Central Administration Tool 7.1.2 SAP NetWeaver Administrator 7.1.3 SAP NetWeaver Application Server Java 7.1.4 SAP Process Integration Monitoring (pimon) 7.1.5 SAP Management Console 7.1.6 Config Tool 7.1.7 Administration Using Telnet 7.2 Monitoring 7.2.1 SAP NetWeaver Administrator 7.2.2 SAP Process Integration Local Monitoring 7.2.3 SAP PI Central Monitoring with SAP Solution Manager 7.2.4 Message Retention 7.2.5 User-Defined Message Search 7.3 Troubleshooting 7.3.1 Configuring Log and Traces 7.3.2 Using the Log Viewer 7.4 Summary 8 Migrating Interfaces from SAP PI Dual Stack to SAP PO 8.1 Migration Strategies 8.2 Migrating System Landscape Directory Content 8.2.1 Products 8.2.2 Software Components 8.2.3 Technical System 8.2.4 Business System 8.3 Migrating Enterprise Services Repository Content 8.3.1 Exporting Objects 8.3.2 Importing Objects 8.4 Migrating Integration Directory Content 8.4.1 Manually 8.4.2 Using the Migration Tool 8.5 Summary Part III Business Process Management and Composition 9 Introduction to SAP BPM and BPMN 2.0 9.1 Managing Business Processes 9.2 SAP Business Process Management 9.2.1 SAP BPM versus SAP Business Workflow 9.2.2 BPM before SAP BPM 9.2.3 SAP BPM Main Components 9.3 Business Process Model and Notation 2.0 9.3.1 Swimlanes 9.3.2 Artifacts 9.3.3 Flow Objects 9.3.4 Connections 9.4 Summary 10 Creating Your First SAP BPM Process 10.1 SAP BPM Positioning and Development Environment 10.1.1 Positioning 10.1.2 Setting Up Your Development Environment 10.2 Creating and Modeling an SAP BPM Process 10.2.1 Demonstration Scenario 10.2.2 Building an SAP BPM Process: Overview 10.2.3 SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio Perspective Concept 10.2.4 Create a Project in SAP NetWeaver Developer Studio 10.2.5 Creating a Process for Your BPMN 10.2.6 Creating a BPMN Model 10.3 Configuring the BPMN Model 10.3.1 Data Objects 10.3.2 Creating Data Structures 10.3.3 Importing XSD and WSDL 10.3.4 Process Pool Properties 10.3.5 BPMN Flow Objects 10.4 Flow Objects 10.4.1 Events 10.4.2 Tasks 10.4.3 Activities 10.4.4 Gateways 10.4.5 Artifacts 10.5 Build and Deploy Your Process 10.5.1 Steps for Building a Process 10.5.2 Steps for Deploying a Process 10.6 Advanced Mapping 10.6.1 Mappings 10.6.2 Options in Mapping Assignment 10.6.3 Automatic Mapping 10.6.4 Custom Functions 10.7 Implementing Error Handling 10.8 Combining SAP BPM and the AEX 10.8.1 Message from SAP BPM to the AEX 10.8.2 Message from the AEX to SAP BPM 10.8.3 Leverage an ES Repository Mapping in SAP BPM 10.9 Exercise: Creating an SAP Business Process Management Process 10.9.1 Exercise Description 10.9.2 Exercise Solution Approach 10.9.3 Exercise Step-by-Step Solution 10.10 Summary 11 Applying Advanced SAP BPM Concepts and Extensions 11.1 Service-Oriented Architecture Configuration 11.1.1 Configuration for an Automated Activity 11.1.2 Configuration for a Start Event or Intermediary Event 11.2 Testing and Running an SAP BPM Process 11.2.1 Process Repository Overview 11.2.2 Process Testing 11.3 Custom Enterprise Java Bean Functions 11.3.1 Create EJB and EAR Development Components 11.3.2 Create the Enterprise Java Bean 11.3.3 Build and Deploy 11.3.4 Create a New Enterprise Java Bean Function 11.4 Using the Claim Check Pattern 11.4.1 Create Interfaces 11.4.2 Create Mappings 11.4.3 Configure the Channel 11.4.4 Retrieve the Large Message from SAP BPM 11.4.5 Update the Status of the Large Message from SAP BPM 11.5 SAP BPM Application Programming Interface 11.5.1 Prerequisite to Using the SAP BPM API 11.5.2 Implementation Aspects and Examples 11.6 SAP Business Process Management OData 11.6.1 OData Services for Tasks and Task Data 11.6.2 Error Handling 11.7 Using the Push API to Access SAP BPM Lifecycle Events 11.7.1 Accessing Events through a Message Driven Bean 11.7.2 Accessing Events through a Java Message Service API 11.8 Debugging and Troubleshooting SAP BPM Processes 11.8.1 Place Breakpoints in the Process 11.8.2 Add a Debug Configuration 11.9 Tuning SAP BPM-Related Performance Parameters 11.10 Best Practices for Your SAP BPM Application 11.10.1 BPMN, Mapping, and Parallelism 11.10.2 Task Related 11.10.3 Gateways 11.10.4 Looping 11.10.5 Data Object 11.10.6 Correlation 11.10.7 Error Handling 11.10.8 Housekeeping 11.11 Exercise: Applying Advanced SAP BPM Concepts and Extensions 11.11.1 Exercise Solution Approach 11.11.2 Exercise Step-by-Step Solution 11.12 Summary 12 Combining SAP BPM and UI Technologies 12.1 Web Dynpro Java User Interface Technology 12.1.1 Generating a Web Dynpro User Interface 12.1.2 Post-Configuration Steps 12.2 Integrating SAPUI5 into an SAP BPM Process 12.2.1 SAPUI5 Technology Platform 12.2.2 Model-View-Controller Concept 12.2.3 SAPUI5 Components 12.2.4 Other SAPUI5 Concepts 12.2.5 Integration Steps 12.3 Other User Interface Technologies 12.3.1 Visual Composer 12.3.2 Adobe Offline Forms 12.3.3 Support for Custom User Interface Technologies 12.4 Summary 13 SAP Business Rules Management 13.1 How Business Rules Work 13.2 SAP Business Rules Management 13.2.1 Rules Composer 13.2.2 Rules Manager 13.2.3 Rules Engine 13.3 Modeling Business Rules with Rules Composer 13.3.1 Create the Rules Composer Development Component 13.3.2 Adding Context to the Rules 13.3.3 Creating a Ruleset 13.3.4 Flow Ruleset 13.4 Testing Business Rules 13.5 Best Practices for Modeling Business Rules 13.5.1 Separate Decision Logic from Other Types of Logic 13.5.2 Reuse and Extend before Building 13.6 Exercise: SAP Business Rules Management 13.6.1 Exercise Solution Approach 13.6.2 Exercise Step-by-Step Solution 13.7 Summary 14 Implementing Java Proxies 14.1 Java Proxy Concept and Considerations 14.2 Implementation Approaches 14.2.1 Outside-In Approach 14.2.2 Inside-Out Approach 14.3 Technical Implementation 14.3.1 Development Environment 14.3.2 Developing a Server Java Proxy 14.3.3 Developing a Client Java Proxy 14.4 Building an Orchestration 14.5 Exercise: Implementing Java Proxies 14.5.1 Exercise Solution Approach 14.5.2 Exercise Step-by-Step Solution 14.6 Summary 15 Administration and Monitoring Message Processing in SAP BPM 15.1 Monitoring 15.1.1 SAP Business Process Management System Overview 15.1.2 Process Repository 15.1.3 Process Management 15.1.4 Task Management 15.1.5 SAP BPM Inbox 15.1.6 Business Logs 15.1.7 SAP BPM Action Monitor 15.1.8 Process Troubleshooting 15.1.9 Rules Business Logs 15.1.10 SAP BPM Analytics Dashboard 15.2 Administration 15.2.1 Process Data Archiving 15.2.2 Log Viewer 15.3 Summary 16 Migrating ccBPM from SAP PI to SAP PO 16.1 Motivation for Migration 16.2 Migration Approach 16.2.1 Analyze the As-Is Integration Processes 16.2.2 Translate and Redesign 16.2.3 Export and Reuse Enterprise Services Repository Objects 16.2.4 Migrate and Adapt Configuration Scenarios 16.3 Recommendations 16.4 Summary Part IV Advanced Concepts 17 SAP Cloud Platform Integration for SAP PO 17.1 Enable Cloud Integration Content in SAP PO 17.2 Reusing Cloud Integration Content 17.2.1 Download Cloud Integration Content 17.2.2 Deploy the Cloud Integration Content 17.3 Monitoring 17.3.1 Monitoring the Integration Gateway Component 17.3.2 Monitoring Messages Related to the Deployment of Cloud Integration Content 17.4 Summary 18 Additional Components for SAP Process Orchestration 18.1 Component Model 18.1.1 Product 18.1.2 Software Components 18.1.3 Development Component 18.1.4 Dependencies among Development Components 18.1.5 Public Parts 18.2 SAP NetWeaver Development Infrastructure 18.2.1 Change Management Services 18.2.2 Design Time Repository 18.2.3 Component Build Service 18.3 SAP Composite Application Framework 18.3.1 Design Time Aspects 18.3.2 Runtime Aspects 18.4 Service Registry 18.5 Enhanced Change and Transport System 18.5.1 SAP PI-Related Transports 18.5.2 Transports for Non-SAP PI Java Objects 18.6 Exercise: Create an SWCV 18.6.1 Exercise Solution Approach 18.6.2 Exercise Step-by-Step Solution 18.7 Summary 19 Landscape Setup Considerations 19.1 Java System Configuration 19.1.1 Java Sizing and Setup Considerations 19.1.2 Java System Architecture 19.1.3 Java Central Services 19.1.4 Java Parameter Tuning 19.2 Handling Certificates 19.2.1 Certificate Key Storage 19.2.2 Encryption of Message Content on Database Level 19.3 Housekeeping 19.3.1 Archiving 19.3.2 Deletion 19.3.3 Restarting 19.3.4 Recovery 19.4 Monitoring 19.4.1 Runtime Workbench 19.4.2 Wily Enterprise Manager 19.4.3 SAP Management Console 19.4.4 SAP Solution Manager Monitoring 19.4.5 Tracing 19.4.6 JVMMON 19.5 Summary A Orchestration Outlook A.1 SAP API Management A.2 SAP Cloud Platform Integration A.2.1 Features and Facts Overview of SAP Cloud Platform Integration A.2.2 Development Guide: Getting Started A.2.3 Monitoring A.3 The Integration Advisor A.3.1 Interface Specifications: Advice from the Advisor A.3.2 Mapping Guideline A.3.3 Runtime A.3.4 Testing A.4 SAP Cloud Platform Workflow as a Service A.4.1 Workflow Service A.4.2 Workflow Modeling A.4.3 SAP Cloud Platform Business Rules A.4.4 Workflow Tasks Management A.4.5 Integration 官方出品,英文原版,可编辑带导航非影印版(总计1866页)
### 回答1: 首先,我们来讲一下这些信号的定义。 0,1等概的单极性非归零NRZ信号(Non-Return-to-Zero NRZ)是一种基带信号,它的特点是在0的时候信号幅度不变,在1的时候信号幅度发生反转。这种信号的波形如下: 0 1 0 1 0 1 ... - A - -A - A ... 0,1等概的单极性归零RZ信号(Return-to-Zero RZ)也是一种基带信号,它的特点是在0的时候信号幅度不变,在1的时候信号幅度发生反转,但是信号在1的时候会在一个时间间隔内回到0。这种信号的波形如下: 0 1 0 1 0 1 ... - A - A - A ... 现在,我们来用MATLAB绘制这两种信号的波形和功率谱。 首先,我们需要生成一个数据序列,表示信号的波形。对于NRZ信号,我们可以这样生成: t = 0:0.001:1; % 时间序列 f = 1; % 信号频率 A = 1; % 信号幅度 data = [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1]; % 信号数据序列 nrz = A * kron(data, sin(2*pi*f*t)); % 生成NRZ信号 对于RZ信号,我们可以这样生成: t = 0:0.001:1; % 时间序列 f = 1; % 信号频率 A = 1; % 信号幅度 data = [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1]; % 信号数 ### 回答2: 使用MATLAB绘制数字基带信号的波形和功率谱有如下代码: 1. 单极性非归零NRZ信号: ```matlab % NRZ信号 clear; clc; % 参数设置 Fs = 100; % 采样频率 T = 1/Fs; % 采样周期 N = 100; % 采样点数 t = 0:T:(N-1)*T; % 时间序列 % 定义信号 signal = round(rand(1, N)); % 随机生成0和1等概的数字序列 % 绘制信号波形 subplot(2, 1, 1); stem(t, signal, 'LineWidth', 1); ylim([-0.1 1.1]); xlabel('时间(s)'); ylabel('幅值'); title('单极性非归零NRZ信号波形'); % 计算功率谱 Y = fftshift(fft(signal)); f = -Fs/2:Fs/N:Fs/2-Fs/N; % 频率序列 % 绘制功率谱 subplot(2, 1, 2); plot(f, 10*log10(abs(Y).^2/N), 'LineWidth', 1); xlabel('频率(Hz)'); ylabel('功率谱密度(dB/Hz)'); title('单极性非归零NRZ信号功率谱'); ``` 2. 单极性归零RZ信号: ```matlab % RZ信号 clear; clc; % 参数设置 Fs = 100; % 采样频率 T = 1/Fs; % 采样周期 N = 100; % 采样点数 t = 0:T:(N-1)*T; % 时间序列 % 定义信号 signal = round(rand(1, N)); % 随机生成0和1等概的数字序列 signal(signal == 0) = -1; % 将0替换为-1 % 绘制信号波形 subplot(2, 1, 1); stairs(t, signal, 'LineWidth', 1); ylim([-1.5 1.5]); xlabel('时间(s)'); ylabel('幅值'); title('单极性归零RZ信号波形'); % 计算功率谱 Y = fftshift(fft(signal)); f = -Fs/2:Fs/N:Fs/2-Fs/N; % 频率序列 % 绘制功率谱 subplot(2, 1, 2); plot(f, 10*log10(abs(Y).^2/N), 'LineWidth', 1); xlabel('频率(Hz)'); ylabel('功率谱密度(dB/Hz)'); title('单极性归零RZ信号功率谱'); ``` 请将以上代码分别在MATLAB环境中运行,即可绘制出单极性非归零NRZ信号和单极性归零RZ信号的波形和功率谱图。 ### 回答3: 要使用Matlab画出0,1等概的单极性非归零NRZ信号和0,1等概的单极性归零RZ信号的波形和功率谱,需要按照以下步骤进行: 第一步:生成数字基带信号序列。对于单极性非归零NRZ信号,可以使用rand函数生成0和1等概的数字序列。对于单极性归零RZ信号,可以使用unidrnd函数生成0和1等概的数字序列。 第二步:根据生成的信号序列绘制波形。可以使用plot函数将信号序列中的数字值与对应的时间点进行连接并绘制出波形。可以通过调整横轴时间范围和纵轴幅度范围来适配图形。 第三步:计算信号的功率谱。可以使用pwelch函数对信号进行功率谱估计。设置合适的采样频率和窗口长度,通过计算得到信号的功率谱。 以下是Matlab代码示例: % 生成单极性非归零NRZ信号的波形和功率谱 nrz_signal = randi([0, 1], 1, 1000); % 生成0,1等概的数字序列 figure; subplot(2, 1, 1); plot(nrz_signal, 'b', 'linewidth', 2); % 绘制数字序列的波形 title('Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); axis([0, length(nrz_signal), -0.5, 1.5]); % 设置坐标轴范围 subplot(2, 1, 2); Fs = 1000; % 采样频率 window_length = 512; % 窗口长度 [pxx, f] = pwelch(nrz_signal, window_length, [], [], Fs); % 计算功率谱 plot(f, 10*log10(pxx), 'r', 'linewidth', 2); % 绘制功率谱 title('Power Spectral Density'); xlabel('Frequency'); ylabel('Power (dB)'); axis([0, Fs/2, -100, 20]); % 设置坐标轴范围 % 生成单极性归零RZ信号的波形和功率谱 rz_signal = unidrnd(1, 1, 1000); % 生成0,1等概的数字序列 figure; subplot(2, 1, 1); plot(rz_signal, 'b', 'linewidth', 2); % 绘制数字序列的波形 title('Return-to-Zero (RZ) Signal'); xlabel('Time'); ylabel('Amplitude'); axis([0, length(rz_signal), -0.5, 1.5]); % 设置坐标轴范围 subplot(2, 1, 2); [pxx, f] = pwelch(rz_signal, window_length, [], [], Fs); % 计算功率谱 plot(f, 10*log10(pxx), 'r', 'linewidth', 2); % 绘制功率谱 title('Power Spectral Density'); xlabel('Frequency'); ylabel('Power (dB)'); axis([0, Fs/2, -100, 20]); % 设置坐标轴范围

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