GREENPLUM介绍之数据库管理(二）-创建一个演示系统

 下面介绍一个把ORACLE数据库中的DEMO，SALES HISTORY移植到GREENPLUM的过程。这样大家可以在GP中有些DEMO数据，深入学习GP的各项功能。
首先，创建目录
mkdir -p /stage/sales_data
我们需要把ORACLE SH SCHEMA下的数据导成平面文件，比较快捷高效的方式是通过sqlplus完成这个工作，把用来查询的SQL写入一个文件,比如
vi batch_exp_sales.sh

sqlplus -S sh/sh <set arraysize 10000;
set heading off;
set feeback off;
alter session set nls_date_format='YYYY-MM-DD';
select '"'||prod_id||'","'||CUST_ID||'","'||TIME_ID||'","'||CHANNEL_ID||'","'||PROMO_ID||'","'||QUANTITY_SOLD||'","'||AMOUNT_SOLD||'"' as text from sales;
set heading on;
set feedback on;
quit;
EOF
exit

chmod 777 batch_exp_sales.sh
nohup ./batch_exp_sales.sh >> sales.csv &
在生产应用中对于大表，可以在sql中加入条件，采用并行方式，按照范围导出数据，这也是从ORACLE中把数据导成文本的最快方式。你可以用这种方式把其它几张表
CHANNELS                       
COSTS                          
COUNTRIES                      
CUSTOMERS                      
PRODUCTS                       T
PROMOTIONS
TIMES    
中的数据也进行导出。

接下来以超级管理员身份连接GREENPLUM，创建用户sh, 并赋予它登录系统和创建数据库的权限
su - gpadmin
gpadmin@mdw:~> psql -d template1
psql (8.2.15)
Type "help" for help.
template1=# create role sh with password 'sh' login createdb;
NOTICE:  resource queue required -- using default resource queue "pg_default"
CREATE ROLE
template1=#
如果直接以SH登录，会得到如下错误
gpadmin@mdw:/data/gpmaster/gpseg-1> psql -d template1 -U sh -h mdw
psql: FATAL:  no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.10.10", user "sh", database "template1", SSL off

进入master的数据目录
vi /data/gpmaster/gpseg-1/pg_hba.conf
添加一行(请根据自己客户端的网段设置)
host     all        sh         192.168.10.10/32       md5

gpstop -u ,重新load该配置文件。
再以sh用户身份登录数据库
gpadmin@mdw:/data/gpmaster/gpseg-1>  psql -d template1 -U sh -h mdw
Password for user sh:
psql (8.2.15)
Type "help" for help.
template1=>

接下来就可以创建自己的数据库了。创建数据库的句法如下
CREATE DATABASE name [ [WITH] [OWNER [=] dbowner]
[TEMPLATE [=] template]
[ENCODING [=] encoding]
[TABLESPACE [=] tablespace]
[CONNECTION LIMIT [=] connlimit ] ]
最简单的只要给个数据库名字就好了。比如
template1=> create database sales_history;
CREATE DATABASE
接下来可以，连接到建好的数据库上创建schema，如果不创建自己的schema，在建库时系统创建了一个叫做public的schema。在GP中，如果要跨schema访问对象，
必须使用schema做前缀，比如schema.table的形式。如果不加前缀默认查找当前schema。
template1=> \c sales_history
You are now connected to database "sales_history" as user "sh".
sales_history=> create schema sales_history ;
CREATE SCHEMA
如果要永久改变schema的访问顺序，用下面的语句
sales_history=> alter database sales_history set search_path to sales_history,public;
ALTER DATABASE

如果是改变当前客户端的schema 访问顺序
sales_history=> set search_path to sales_history;
SET

下面就可以建表了，注意一下映射关系，一般oracle number数据类型对应gp的numeric类型，oracle date数据类型对应gp的timestamp类型，oracle varchar2数据类型对应gp的varchar类型，另外，GP在建表的时候，还应该指定数据的分布方法。一种是HASH算法，一种是round-robin（另写文章对GP的表进行详细介绍）,例子全部使用HASH方式建表。比如sales_demo表的GP建句法。

CREATE TABLE SALES
   (    PROD_ID numeric NOT NULL ,
        CUST_ID numeric NOT NULL ,
        TIME_ID DATE NOT NULL ,
        CHANNEL_ID numeric NOT NULL ,
        PROMO_ID numeric NOT NULL ,
        QUANTITY_SOLD numeric(10,2) NOT NULL ,
        AMOUNT_SOLD numeric(10,2) NOT NULL )
distributed by (prod_id,cust_id,time_id,channel_id,promo_id);

CREATE TABLE TIMES
   (    TIME_ID DATE NOT NULL,
        DAY_NAME VARCHAR(9) NOT NULL,
        DAY_NUMBER_IN_WEEK numeric(1,0) NOT NULL,
        DAY_NUMBER_IN_MONTH numeric(2,0) NOT NULL,
        CALENDAR_WEEK_NUMBER numeric(2,0) NOT NULL,
        FISCAL_WEEK_NUMBER numeric(2,0) NOT NULL,
        WEEK_ENDING_DAY DATE NOT NULL,
        WEEK_ENDING_DAY_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        CALENDAR_MONTH_NUMBER numeric(2,0) NOT NULL,
        FISCAL_MONTH_NUMBER numeric(2,0) NOT NULL,
        CALENDAR_MONTH_DESC VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL,
        CALENDAR_MONTH_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        FISCAL_MONTH_DESC VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL,
        FISCAL_MONTH_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        DAYS_IN_CAL_MONTH numeric NOT NULL,
        DAYS_IN_FIS_MONTH numeric NOT NULL,
        END_OF_CAL_MONTH DATE NOT NULL,
        END_OF_FIS_MONTH DATE NOT NULL,
        CALENDAR_MONTH_NAME VARCHAR(9) NOT NULL,
        FISCAL_MONTH_NAME VARCHAR(9) NOT NULL,
        CALENDAR_QUARTER_DESC CHAR(7) NOT NULL,
        CALENDAR_QUARTER_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        FISCAL_QUARTER_DESC CHAR(7) NOT NULL,
        FISCAL_QUARTER_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        DAYS_IN_CAL_QUARTER numeric NOT NULL,
        DAYS_IN_FIS_QUARTER numeric NOT NULL,
        END_OF_CAL_QUARTER DATE NOT NULL ,
        END_OF_FIS_QUARTER DATE NOT NULL ,
        CALENDAR_QUARTER_NUMBER numeric(1,0) NOT NULL,
        FISCAL_QUARTER_NUMBER numeric(1,0) NOT NULL,
        CALENDAR_YEAR numeric(4,0) NOT NULL,
        CALENDAR_YEAR_ID numeric NOT NULL ,
        FISCAL_YEAR numeric(4,0) NOT NULL,
        FISCAL_YEAR_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        DAYS_IN_CAL_YEAR numeric NOT NULL,
        DAYS_IN_FIS_YEAR numeric NOT NULL,
        END_OF_CAL_YEAR DATE NOT NULL ,
        END_OF_FIS_YEAR DATE NOT NULL)
distributed by (time_id);

 CREATE TABLE CHANNELS
   (CHANNEL_ID numeric NOT NULL,
    CHANNEL_DESC VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
    CHANNEL_CLASS VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
    CHANNEL_CLASS_ID numeric NOT NULL,
    CHANNEL_TOTAL VARCHAR(13) NOT NULL,
    CHANNEL_TOTAL_ID numeric NOT NULL,
    CONSTRAINT CHANNELS_PK PRIMARY KEY (CHANNEL_ID))
    distributed by (channel_id);

CREATE TABLE COSTS
   (    PROD_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        TIME_ID DATE NOT NULL,
        PROMO_ID numeric NOT NULL ,
        CHANNEL_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        UNIT_COST numeric(10,2) NOT NULL ,
        UNIT_PRICE numeric(10,2) NOT NULL)
distributed by (prod_id,time_id,promo_id,channel_id);


CREATE TABLE COUNTRIES
   (    COUNTRY_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        COUNTRY_ISO_CODE CHAR(2) NOT NULL,
        COUNTRY_NAME VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
        COUNTRY_SUBREGION VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
        COUNTRY_SUBREGION_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        COUNTRY_REGION VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
        COUNTRY_REGION_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        COUNTRY_TOTAL VARCHAR(11) NOT NULL,
      COUNTRY_TOTAL_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        COUNTRY_NAME_HIST numeric(40),
         CONSTRAINT COUNTRIES_PK PRIMARY KEY (COUNTRY_ID))
distributed by (country_id);


CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS
   (    CUST_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        CUST_FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
        CUST_LAST_NAME VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
        CUST_GENDER CHAR(1) NOT NULL,
        CUST_YEAR_OF_BIRTH numeric(4,0) NOT NULL,
        CUST_MARITAL_STATUS VARCHAR(20),
        CUST_STREET_ADDRESS VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
        CUST_POSTAL_CODE VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
        CUST_CITY VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
        CUST_CITY_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        CUST_STATE_PROVINCE VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
        CUST_STATE_PROVINCE_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        COUNTRY_ID numeric NOT NULL ,
        CUST_MAIN_PHONE_NUMBER VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL,
        CUST_INCOME_LEVEL VARCHAR(30),
        CUST_CREDIT_LIMIT numeric,
        CUST_EMAIL VARCHAR(30),
        CUST_TOTAL VARCHAR(14) NOT NULL,
        CUST_TOTAL_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        CUST_SRC_ID numeric,
        CUST_EFF_FROM DATE,
        CUST_EFF_TO DATE,
        CUST_VALID VARCHAR(1),
         CONSTRAINT CUSTOMERS_PK PRIMARY KEY (CUST_ID))
distributed by (cust_id);

CREATE TABLE PRODUCTS
   (    PROD_ID numeric(6,0) NOT NULL,
        PROD_NAME VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
        PROD_DESC VARCHAR(4000) NOT NULL,
        PROD_SUBCATEGORY VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
        PROD_SUBCATEGORY_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        PROD_SUBCATEGORY_DESC VARCHAR(2000) NOT NULL,
        PROD_CATEGORY VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
        PROD_CATEGORY_ID numeric NOT NULL,
        PROD_CATEGORY_DESC VARCHAR(2000) NOT NULL ,
        PROD_WEIGHT_CLASS numeric(3,0) NOT NULL ,
        PROD_UNIT_OF_MEASURE VARCHAR(20),
        PROD_PACK_SIZE VARCHAR(30 ) NOT NULL ,
        SUPPLIER_ID numeric(6,0) NOT NULL ,
        PROD_STATUS VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
        PROD_LIST_PRICE numeric(8,2) NOT NULL ,
        PROD_MIN_PRICE numeric(8,2) NOT NULL ,
        PROD_TOTAL VARCHAR(13) NOT NULL ,
        PROD_TOTAL_ID numeric NOT NULL ,
        PROD_SRC_ID numeric,
        PROD_EFF_FROM DATE,
        PROD_EFF_TO DATE,
        PROD_VALID VARCHAR(1),
         CONSTRAINT PRODUCTS_PK PRIMARY KEY (PROD_ID))
distributed by (prod_id);

CREATE TABLE PROMOTIONS
(PROMO_ID  numeric,
 PROMO_NAME text ,
 PROMO_SUBCATEGORY text  ,
 PROMO_SUBCATEGORY_ID  numeric,
 PROMO_CATEGORY text ,
 PROMO_CATEGORY_ID numeric ,
 PROMO_COST  numeric,
 PROMO_BEGIN_DATE date ,
 PROMO_END_DATE date ,
 PROMO_TOTAL text ,
 PROMO_TOTAL_ID numeric )
 distributed by (promo_id);

创建对应的外部表，访问导出CSV文件。使用GP的外部表，需要先把gpfdist这个工具(默认路径/usr/local/greenplum-db/bin)拷贝到存放csv文件的文件服务器上。启动gpfdist服务(类似一个http服务)，比如文件在/stage/data目录的子目录下,我们可以启动它
nohup gpfdist -d /stage  -p 8081 -l gpfdist.log &

另外，要允许用户创建外部表，非则建外部表时会得到错误
ERROR:  permission denied: no privilege to create a readable gpfdist external table

修改配置文件，添加参数
gp_external_enable_exec = on   # enable external tables with EXECUTE.
gp_external_grant_privileges = on #enable create http/gpfdist for non su's
允许非超级管理员创建外部表，必须重启数据库服务，才能生效。

下面是创建外部表的句法，可以使用*作为通配符指定特定目录下的多个文件，这些文件也可以分布到多个文件服务器上，以提高数据的加载效率。

create external table sales_ext
(PROD_ID numeric,
 CUST_ID numeric,
 TIME_ID date,
 CHANNEL_ID numeric ,
 PROMO_ID numeric ,
 QUANTITY_SOLD numeric(10,2),
 AMOUNT_SOLD numeric(10,2))
 LOCATION ('gpfdist://elt1:8081/sales/*')
 FORMAT 'CSV'
 log errors into err_sales_ext segment reject limit 7000000 rows;


CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE TIMES_EXT
   (    TIME_ID TEXT ,
        DAY_NAME VARCHAR(9),
        DAY_NUMBER_IN_WEEK numeric(1,0),
        DAY_NUMBER_IN_MONTH numeric(2,0),
        CALENDAR_WEEK_NUMBER numeric(2,0),
        FISCAL_WEEK_NUMBER numeric(2,0),
        WEEK_ENDING_DAY TEXT,
        WEEK_ENDING_DAY_ID numeric,
        CALENDAR_MONTH_NUMBER numeric(2,0),
        FISCAL_MONTH_NUMBER numeric(2,0),
        CALENDAR_MONTH_DESC VARCHAR(8),
        CALENDAR_MONTH_ID numeric,
        FISCAL_MONTH_DESC VARCHAR(8),
        FISCAL_MONTH_ID numeric,
        DAYS_IN_CAL_MONTH numeric,
        DAYS_IN_FIS_MONTH numeric,
        END_OF_CAL_MONTH TEXT ,
        END_OF_FIS_MONTH TEXT ,
        CALENDAR_MONTH_NAME VARCHAR(9),
        FISCAL_MONTH_NAME VARCHAR(9),
        CALENDAR_QUARTER_DESC CHAR(7),
        CALENDAR_QUARTER_ID numeric,
        FISCAL_QUARTER_DESC CHAR(7),
        FISCAL_QUARTER_ID numeric,
        DAYS_IN_CAL_QUARTER numeric ,
        DAYS_IN_FIS_QUARTER numeric ,
        END_OF_CAL_QUARTER TEXT,
        END_OF_FIS_QUARTER TEXT,
        CALENDAR_QUARTER_NUMBER numeric(1,0),
        FISCAL_QUARTER_NUMBER numeric(1,0),
        CALENDAR_YEAR numeric(4,0),
        CALENDAR_YEAR_ID numeric,
        FISCAL_YEAR numeric(4,0),
        FISCAL_YEAR_ID numeric,
        DAYS_IN_CAL_YEAR numeric,
        DAYS_IN_FIS_YEAR numeric,
        END_OF_CAL_YEAR TEXT ,
        END_OF_FIS_YEAR TEXT)
 LOCATION ('gpfdist://elt1:8081/times/*')
 FORMAT 'CSV'
 log errors into err_times_ext segment reject limit 7000000 rows;


 CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE CHANNELS_EXT
   (CHANNEL_ID numeric ,
    CHANNEL_DESC VARCHAR(20),
    CHANNEL_CLASS VARCHAR(20),
    CHANNEL_CLASS_ID numeric ,
    CHANNEL_TOTAL VARCHAR(13) ,
    CHANNEL_TOTAL_ID numeric)
 LOCATION ('gpfdist://elt1:8081/channels/*')
 FORMAT 'CSV'
 log errors into err_channels_ext segment reject limit 10000 rows;


CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE COSTS_EXT
   (    PROD_ID numeric ,
        TIME_ID TEXT ,
        PROMO_ID numeric ,
        CHANNEL_ID numeric ,
        UNIT_COST numeric(10,2) ,
        UNIT_PRICE numeric(10,2))
 LOCATION ('gpfdist://elt1:8081/costs/*')
 FORMAT 'CSV'
 log errors into err_costs_ext segment reject limit 1000000 rows;

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE COUNTRIES_EXT
   (    COUNTRY_ID numeric ,
        COUNTRY_ISO_CODE CHAR(2) ,
        COUNTRY_NAME VARCHAR(40),
        COUNTRY_SUBREGION VARCHAR(30) ,
        COUNTRY_SUBREGION_ID numeric ,
        COUNTRY_REGION VARCHAR(20) ,
        COUNTRY_REGION_ID numeric ,
        COUNTRY_TOTAL VARCHAR(11),
      COUNTRY_TOTAL_ID numeric,
        COUNTRY_NAME_HIST numeric(40))
LOCATION ('gpfdist://elt1:8081/countries/*')
 FORMAT 'CSV'
 log errors into err_countries_ext segment reject limit 1000000 rows;

 CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE CUSTOMERS_EXT
   (    CUST_ID numeric,
        CUST_FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(20),
        CUST_LAST_NAME VARCHAR(40) ,
        CUST_GENDER CHAR(1) ,
        CUST_YEAR_OF_BIRTH numeric(4,0) ,
        CUST_MARITAL_STATUS VARCHAR(20),
        CUST_STREET_ADDRESS VARCHAR(40) ,
        CUST_POSTAL_CODE VARCHAR(10) ,
        CUST_CITY VARCHAR(30) ,
        CUST_CITY_ID numeric ,
        CUST_STATE_PROVINCE VARCHAR(40) ,
        CUST_STATE_PROVINCE_ID numeric ,
        COUNTRY_ID numeric  ,
        CUST_MAIN_PHONE_NUMBER VARCHAR(25),
        CUST_INCOME_LEVEL VARCHAR(30),
        CUST_CREDIT_LIMIT numeric,
        CUST_EMAIL VARCHAR(30),
        CUST_TOTAL VARCHAR(14),
        CUST_TOTAL_ID numeric ,
        CUST_SRC_ID TEXT,
        CUST_EFF_FROM TEXT,
        CUST_EFF_TO TEXT,
        CUST_VALID VARCHAR(1))
 LOCATION ('gpfdist://elt1:8081/customers/*')
 FORMAT 'CSV'
 log errors into err_customers_ext segment reject limit 1000000 rows;

CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE PRODUCTS_EXT
   (    PROD_ID numeric(6,0),
        PROD_NAME VARCHAR(50) ,
        PROD_DESC VARCHAR(4000) ,
        PROD_SUBCATEGORY VARCHAR(50) ,
        PROD_SUBCATEGORY_ID numeric ,
        PROD_SUBCATEGORY_DESC VARCHAR(2000) ,
        PROD_CATEGORY VARCHAR(50) ,
        PROD_CATEGORY_ID numeric ,
        PROD_CATEGORY_DESC VARCHAR(2000) ,
        PROD_WEIGHT_CLASS numeric(3,0)  ,
        PROD_UNIT_OF_MEASURE VARCHAR(20),
        PROD_PACK_SIZE VARCHAR(30)  ,
        SUPPLIER_ID numeric(6,0) ,
        PROD_STATUS VARCHAR(20) ,
        PROD_LIST_PRICE numeric(8,2),
        PROD_MIN_PRICE numeric(8,2)  ,
        PROD_TOTAL VARCHAR(13) ,
        PROD_TOTAL_ID numeric ,
        PROD_SRC_ID text,
        PROD_EFF_FROM TEXT,
        PROD_EFF_TO TEXT,
        PROD_VALID VARCHAR(1))
 LOCATION ('gpfdist://elt1:8081/products/*')
 FORMAT 'CSV'
 log errors into err_PRODUCTS_EXT segment reject limit 1000000 rows;
 
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE PROMOTIONS_EXT
(PROMO_ID  numeric,
 PROMO_NAME text ,
 PROMO_SUBCATEGORY text  ,
 PROMO_SUBCATEGORY_ID  numeric,
 PROMO_CATEGORY text ,
 PROMO_CATEGORY_ID numeric ,
 PROMO_COST  numeric,
 PROMO_BEGIN_DATE text ,
 PROMO_END_DATE text ,
 PROMO_TOTAL text ,
 PROMO_TOTAL_ID numeric )
 LOCATION ('gpfdist://elt1:8081/promotions/*')
 FORMAT 'CSV'
 log errors into err_promotions_ext segment reject limit 1000000 rows;

接下来就可以使用子查询加载数据了
sales_history=> insert into sales select * from sales_ext;
NOTICE:  Found 70681 data formatting errors (70681 or more input rows). Rejected related input data.
INSERT 0 918843
sales_history=> select * from err_sales_ext;
sales_history=> select count(*) from sales;
 count
--------
 918843
(1 row)

insert into sales select * from sales_ext;
对于有问题的记录，加载过程中会抛到定义外部表的时指定的错误表中。
与其它数据库一样，在加载大量数据后，应该收集表的统计信息
sales_history=> vacuum analyze sales;
VACUUM

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