Spring Framework可以被使用在很多场合之中,考虑到目前大多数Java EE的项目是B/S结构的,所以这里的快速上手教程会以Spring MVC为切入点,用最简单的代码一步一步来实现一个图书列表的页面。
在正式动手之前需要做一些准备工作,先安装并设置好JDK 1.5和Tomcat 5,关于数据库及其访问方式可以根据个人习惯进行选择,教程中使用MySQL数据库和Hibernate(映射由Hibernate Annotation实现)。请将实际使用到的jar文件复制到WEB-INF/lib目录中,整个项目的结构见图1,教程中用到的jar文件见图2。
项目中的Bean定义分散在多个XML文件中,每完成一部分代码就给出相应的配置,最后再进行整合和部署。配置中使用default-autowire="byName"实现了Bean的自动织入,节省了很多个工作量,只需注意Bean及属性的命名即可。
Step 1.Business Objects & DAO
教程中的例子涉及到两个实体对象,代表文章的Article类和代表作者的Author类,分别对应了数据库中的article表和author表,一篇文章有一个作者,而一个作者可以有多篇文章。类的代码如下(省略getter和setter):
代码:Article.java
import javax.persistence. * ;
@Entity
public class Article ... {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Long id;
private String title;
@ManyToOne
private Author author;
}
代码:Author.java
import java.util.List;
import javax.persistence. * ;
@Entity
public class Author ... {
@Id
@GeneratedValue
private Long id;
private String name;
@OneToMany
private List<Article> articles;
}
在MySQL中创建数据表的SQL语句如下,数据请自行添加(如果使用Hibernate,表可以根据映射自动生成,具体做法请参考Hibernate文档):
代码:数据库创建SQL
USE articles;
CREATE TABLE `article` (
`id` bigint ( 20 ) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`title` varchar ( 100 ) NOT NULL default '' ,
`author_id` bigint ( 20 ) NOT NULL default ' 0 ' ,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE = MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8;
CREATE TABLE `author` (
`id` bigint ( 20 ) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`name` varchar ( 100 ) NOT NULL default '' ,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE = MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8;
考虑到可能会有多种DAO的实现,所以在DAO层先定义一个IArticleDao接口,随后可以自由选择具体的实现方式,此处结合Spring的HibernateDaoSupport使用Hibernate来进行实现:
代码:IArticleDao.java
import java.util.List;
import demo.model.Article;
public interface IArticleDao ... {
public List<Article> loadAllArticles();
}
代码:ArticleDao.java
import java.util.List;
import org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.support.HibernateDaoSupport;
import demo.model.Article;
public class ArticleDao extends HibernateDaoSupport implements IArticleDao ... {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public List<Article> loadAllArticles() ...{
return (List<Article>)getHibernateTemplate().loadAll(Article.class);
}
}
接下来对Hibernate进行相应的配置,如果使用了JDO或者iBatis,请参考Spring文档。applicationContext-dao.xml内容如下:
代码:applicationContext-dao.xml
< beans
xmlns ="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi ="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation ="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd"
default-autowire ="byName" >
<!-- DAO配置于此 -->
< bean id ="articleDao" class ="demo.dao.ArticleDao" />
<!-- 数据源 -->
<!-- JNDI数据源 -->
<!--
<bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean">
<property name="jndiName" value="${datasource.jndi.name}"/>
</bean>
-->
<!-- JDBC数据源 -->
< bean id ="dataSource" class ="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method ="close" >
< property name ="driverClassName" value ="${datasource.jdbc.driverClassName}" />
< property name ="url" value ="${datasource.jdbc.url}" />
< property name ="username" value ="${datasource.jdbc.username}" />
< property name ="password" value ="${datasource.jdbc.password}" />
</ bean >
<!-- 使用Annotation映射的sessionFactory -->
< bean id ="sessionFactory" class ="org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.annotation.AnnotationSessionFactoryBean" >
< property name ="dataSource" ref ="dataSource" />
< property name ="hibernateProperties" >
< props >
< prop key ="hibernate.dialect" > ${hibernate.dialect} </ prop >
< prop key ="hibernate.show_sql" > ${hibernate.show_sql} </ prop >
< prop key ="hibernate.cache.use_query_cache" > ${hibernate.cache.use_query_cache} </ prop >
< prop key ="hibernate.cache.provider_class" > ${hibernate.cache.provider_class} </ prop >
</ props >
</ property >
< property name ="annotatedClasses" >
< list >
< value > demo.model.Article </ value >
< value > demo.model.Author </ value >
</ list >
</ property >
</ bean >
<!-- 事务管理器,此处为Hibernate的事务管理器 -->
< bean id ="transactionManager" class ="org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.HibernateTransactionManager" />
</ beans >
此处如果使用JNDI提供数据源,请根据注释进行调整。Spring的事务管理需要声明事务管理器,由于Hibernate、JDO、JDBC的事务管理器都不一样,所以将其与其他事务的配置分开存放。此外,配置中的一些参数使用了占位符(形如${}),这些内容将在Step 4中进行加载。
Step 2.Service
Service层只是调用DAO中的方法为控制器提供图书列表,Service最好能先给出接口,随后进行实现,但此处的功能比较简单,就直接进行实现了:
代码:ArticleService.java
import java.util.List;
import demo.dao.IArticleDao;
import demo.model.Article;
public class ArticleService ... {
private IArticleDao articleDao;
public List<Article> loadAllArticles() ...{
return articleDao.loadAllArticles();
}
public void setArticleDao(IArticleDao articleDao) ...{
this.articleDao = articleDao;
}
}
Spring通过setArticleDao方法为ArticleService注入DAO,也可以选择通过构造方法注入,2.5中还能用@Autowired进行注入。
applicationContext-services.xml内容如下:
代码:applicationContext-services.xml
< beans
xmlns ="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi ="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation ="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd"
default-autowire ="byName" >
<!-- Service配置于此 -->
< bean id ="articleService" class ="demo.service.ArticleService" />
</ beans >
Step 3.Controller & View
Spring MVC提供了多种实现控制器的方式,此处直接实现Controller接口,开发一个单一动作的简单控制器,从Service中取得图书列表,提供给视图进行呈现,ListArticleController内容如下:
代码:ListArticleController.java
import java.util.List;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller;
import demo.model.Article;
import demo.service.ArticleService;
public class ListArticleController implements Controller ... {
private ArticleService articleService;
public ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception ...{
List<Article> articles = articleService.loadAllArticles();
ModelAndView mav = new ModelAndView();
mav.addObject(articles);
return mav;
}
public void setArticleService(ArticleService articleService) ...{
this.articleService = articleService;
}
}
ModelAndView中保存了要传递给视图的对象和具体要使用的视图文件,自2.0起, Spring MVC提供了Convention over Configuration的机制,大大简化了代码与配置。简单地说,名字以Controller结尾的控制器类都会被映射为相应的地址,ListArticleController对应/listarticle*,如果是MultiActionController则会被映射为一个目录;向ModelAndView添加对象时可以不用指定键(key),单一对象的键取决于类名,比如x.y.User的键是user,而某一类对象的Set、List或数组则稍有些复杂,取第一个对象的类名加上“List”作为它的键,比如这里的articles是一个存放Article对象的List,它的键就是articleList;具体的视图会根据请求自动在指定目录中寻找对应的视图文件,本例中就会寻找listarticle(后缀由配置文件决定)。关于Convention over Configuration还有些别的细节,请参考Spring文档的相关章节。
此处的视图比较简陋,只是一张表格,显示了图书的编号、书名和作者,使用JSTL的<c:forEach>标签来遍历列表,具体代码如下:
代码:listarticle.jsp
<% ... @ taglib prefix="c" uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" %>
< html >
< head >
< title > Article List </ title >
</ head >
< body >
< table width ="80%" cellspacing ="0" cellpadding ="0" border ="1" >
< thead >
< tr align ="center" >
< td width ="20%" > 编号 </ td >< td width ="50%" > 书名 </ td >< td width ="30%" > 作者 </ td >
</ tr >
</ thead >
< tbody >
< c:forEach items ="${articleList}" var ="article" >
< tr >
< td align ="center" > ${article.id} </ td >
< td > ${article.title} </ td >
< td > ${article.author.name} </ td >
</ tr >
</ c:forEach >
</ tbody >
</ table >
</ body >
</ html >
为了使用Spring MVC,需要在web.xml中配置一个分派器,将一些特定格式的请求交给Spring MVC来处理(其实就是一个Servlet,这和Struts有些类似),如果它的名字是dispatcher,那么Spring默认会去寻找名为dispatcher-servlet.xml的配置文件,该文件内容如下:
代码:dispatcher-servlet.xml
< beans
xmlns ="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi ="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation ="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd"
default-autowire ="byName" >
<!-- SpringMVC相关Bean配置 -->
<!-- View Resolver -->
< bean id ="viewResolver" class ="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver" >
< property name ="viewClass" value ="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView" />
< property name ="prefix" value ="/WEB-INF/view/" />
< property name ="suffix" value =".jsp" />
</ bean >
< bean id ="viewNameTranslator" class ="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator" />
< bean class ="org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.support.ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping" />
<!-- 以下为Controller -->
< bean id ="listArticleController" class ="demo.controller.ListArticleController" />
</ beans >
配置中的DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator和ControllerClassNameHandlerMapping就是用来实现Convention over Configuration的,而名为viewResolver的Bean则指定了一些视图的信息。
Step 4.Configuration & Deployment
至此,大部分的工作已经完成了,接下来就是加载properties文件和配置事务属性,这些都放在applicationContext.xml中:
代码:applicationContext.xml
< beans
xmlns ="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi ="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:aop ="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
xmlns:tx ="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
xsi:schemaLocation ="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.0.xsd" >
< bean id ="propertyConfigurer" class ="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer" >
< property name ="locations" >
< list >
< value > classpath:config.properties </ value >
</ list >
</ property >
</ bean >
<!-- 事务 -->
< tx:advice id ="txAdvice" >
< tx:attributes >
< tx:method name ="get*" read-only ="true" />
< tx:method name ="find*" read-only ="true" />
< tx:method name ="load*" read-only ="true" />
< tx:method name ="*" />
</ tx:attributes >
</ tx:advice >
< aop:config proxy-target-class ="true" >
< aop:advisor advice-ref ="txAdvice" pointcut ="execution(* demo.service..*.*(..))" />
</ aop:config >
</ beans >
pointcut属性确定了AOP拦截的方法,用的是AspectJ pointcut expression,此处对demo.service中每一个类的所有方法都进行了拦截,也就是它们都在事务中执行。
config.properties中保存了一些与数据库和Hibernate相关的配置信息,它们会代替XML中对应的占位符:
代码:config.properties
# JNDI datasource Eg. java:comp/env/jdbc/myds
datasource.jndi.name =
# JDBC datasource
datasource.jdbc.driverClassName = com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
datasource.jdbc.url = jdbc:mysql://localhost/articles?useUnicode = true&characterEncoding = utf8
datasource.jdbc.username = root
datasource.jdbc.password =
# Hibernate
hibernate.dialect = org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect
hibernate.show_sql = false
hibernate.cache.use_query_cache = true
hibernate.cache.provider_class = org.hibernate.cache.EhCacheProvider
最后要看到的就是web.xml,每个Java EE的Web项目都会有这个配置文件,具体内容如下:
代码:web.xml
< web-app version ="2.4"
xmlns ="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee"
xmlns:xsi ="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation ="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd" >
<!-- Spring ApplicationContext配置文件的路径可使用通配符,多个路径用,号分隔,此参数用于后面的Spring-Context loader -->
< context-param >
< param-name > contextConfigLocation </ param-name >
< param-value > /WEB-INF/modules/applicationContext*.xml </ param-value >
</ context-param >
<!-- SpringMVC 分派器及相关映射 -->
< servlet >
< servlet-name > dispatcher </ servlet-name >
< servlet-class > org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet </ servlet-class >
< load-on-startup > 1 </ load-on-startup >
</ servlet >
< servlet-mapping >
< servlet-name > dispatcher </ servlet-name >
< url-pattern > *.html </ url-pattern >
</ servlet-mapping >
< servlet-mapping >
< servlet-name > dispatcher </ servlet-name >
< url-pattern > *.do </ url-pattern >
</ servlet-mapping >
<!-- Spring ApplicationContext 载入 -->
< listener >
< listener-class > org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener </ listener-class >
</ listener >
<!-- Spring 刷新Introspector防止内存泄露 -->
< listener >
< listener-class > org.springframework.web.util.IntrospectorCleanupListener </ listener-class >
</ listener >
<!-- 支持session scope的Spring bean -->
< listener >
< listener-class > org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextListener </ listener-class >
</ listener >
<!-- Character Encoding filter -->
< filter >
< filter-name > setCharacterEncoding </ filter-name >
< filter-class > org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter </ filter-class >
< init-param >
< param-name > encoding </ param-name >
< param-value > UTF-8 </ param-value >
</ init-param >
</ filter >
< filter-mapping >
< filter-name > setCharacterEncoding </ filter-name >
< url-pattern > /* </ url-pattern >
</ filter-mapping >
<!-- Hibernate Open Session in View Filter -->
< filter >
< filter-name > hibernateFilter </ filter-name >
< filter-class > org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.support.OpenSessionInViewFilter </ filter-class >
</ filter >
< filter-mapping >
< filter-name > hibernateFilter </ filter-name >
< url-pattern > /* </ url-pattern >
</ filter-mapping >
</ web-app >
此处加载了Spring的配置文件,并对字符编码进行了处理,*.do和*.html的请求都转交给了Spring MVC的分派器。OpenSessionInViewFilter是用来解决Hibernate的OpenSessionInView问题的,如果没有使用Hibernate则无需配置此过滤器。
项目的部署和一般的Web项目没有任何区别,将项目打成War包或者直接将目录放到Tomcat的webapps中即可。假设目录的名字是SpringDemo,启动Tomcat后访问http://localhost:8080/SpringDemo/listarticle.html就能看到页面的效果了。