当我在做培训时,在解释绑定变量的好处时,大家都比较容易理解。但是,对于并不是任何时候绑定变量都是最优的。这一点很多人不是和理解。下面就讨论一下在什么时候会出现绑定变量会使性能变差。
扫描成本和OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ
我们知道,在CBO模式下,Oracle会计算各个访问路径的代价,采用最小代价的访问路径作为语句的执行计划。而对于索引的访问代价的计算,需要根据一个系统参数OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ来转换为与全表扫描代价等价的一个值。这是什么意思呢?我们先稍微解释一下这个参数:OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ。它的值是一个百分比,默认是100,取值范围是1~10000。当估算索引扫描代价时,会将索引的原始代价值乘以这个百分比,将换算后的值作为与全表扫描代价比较的值。也就是说,当这个值为100时,计算出的索引扫描代价就是它的原始代价:
COST_COM = COST_ORG * OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ/100
看以下例子:
SQL> create table T_PEEKING (a NUMBER, b char(1), c char(2000));
Table created.
SQL>
SQL> create index T_PEEKING_IDX1 on T_PEEKING(b);
Index created.
SQL> begin
2 for i in 1..1000 loop
3 insert into T_PEEKING values (i, 'A', i);
4 end loop;
5
6 insert into T_PEEKING values (1001, 'B', 1001);
7 insert into T_PEEKING values (1002, 'B', 1002);
8 insert into T_PEEKING values (1003, 'C', 1003);
9
10 commit;
11 end;
12 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
注意,我们给索引字段B插入的值中只有3个distinct值,记录数是1003,它的集的势很高(1003/3)=334。关于集的势的计算,可以参考我的另外一篇文档《关于集的势的计算》。
SQL>
SQL> analyze table T_PEEKING compute statistics for table for all indexes for all indexed columns;
Table analyzed.
SQL>
我们看下索引扫描的代价是多少:
SQL> show parameter OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
optimizer_index_cost_adj integer 100
SQL> delete from plan_table;
0 rows deleted.
SQL>
SQL> explain plan for select /*+index(a T_PEEKING_IDX1)*/ * from T_PEEKING a where b = :V;
Explained.
SQL> select lpad(' ', 2*(level-1))||operation||' '||options||' '||
2 object_name||' '||decode(id, 0, 'Cost='||position) "Query
3 Plan_Table"
4 from plan_table
5 start with id = 0
6 connect by prior id = parent_id
7 ;
Query
Plan_Table
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT STATEMENT Cost=113
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID T_PEEKING
INDEX RANGE SCAN T_PEEKING_IDX1
SQL>
再看全表扫描的代价是多少:
SQL> delete from plan_table;
3 rows deleted.
SQL>
SQL> explain plan for select /*+full(a)*/ * from T_PEEKING a where b = :V;
Explained.
SQL>
SQL> select lpad(' ', 2*(level-1))||operation||' '||options||' '||
2 object_name||' '||decode(id, 0, 'Cost='||position) "Query
3 Plan_Table"
4 from plan_table
5 start with id = 0
6 connect by prior id = parent_id
7 ;
Query
Plan_Table
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT STATEMENT Cost=75
TABLE ACCESS FULL T_PEEKING
SQL>
这时,我们可以计算得出让优化器使用索引(无提示强制)的OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ值应该 < ROUND(COST_FTS/COST_IDX*100) = ROUND(75/113*100) = 66,而大于66则会使用全表扫描:
SQL> alter system set OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ=67;
System altered.
SQL>
SQL> delete from plan_table;
2 rows deleted.
SQL>
SQL> explain plan for select * from T_PEEKING a where b = :V;
Explained.
SQL>
SQL> select lpad(' ', 2*(level-1))||operation||' '||options||' '||
2 object_name||' '||decode(id, 0, 'Cost='||position) "Query
3 Plan_Table"
4 from plan_table
5 start with id = 0
6 connect by prior id = parent_id;
Query
Plan_Table
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT STATEMENT Cost=75
TABLE ACCESS FULL T_PEEKING
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> alter system set OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ=66;
System altered.
SQL>
SQL> delete from plan_table;
2 rows deleted.
SQL>
SQL> explain plan for select * from T_PEEKING a where b = :V;
Explained.
SQL>
SQL> select lpad(' ', 2*(level-1))||operation||' '||options||' '||
2 object_name||' '||decode(id, 0, 'Cost='||position) "Query
3 Plan_Table"
4 from plan_table
5 start with id = 0
6 connect by prior id = parent_id;
Query
Plan_Table
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT STATEMENT Cost=75
TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID T_PEEKING
INDEX RANGE SCAN T_PEEKING_IDX1
可以看出,在使用绑定变量时,参数OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ对于是否选择索引会有重要的影响。
这里我们暂且不讨论索引扫描的原始成本是如何计算得出的。但是有一点很重要,在使用绑定变量时,计算出的成本是平均成本。在我们上面的例子中,字段B的值只有3个:"A"、"B"、"C",其中A最多,1003行中有1000行。因此,在索引上扫描值为A记录的成本为1000/1003 * 索引全扫描成本 ≈索引全扫描成本,我们看下它的成本是多少:
SQL> alter system set OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ=100;
System altered.
SQL>
SQL> delete from plan_table;
2 rows deleted.
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