使用命令行创建数据库

今天针对如何在Linux操作系统上利用命令行创建Oracle Database进行一个总结及实践。
下面是官方文档“Database Administrator's Guide”中所讲的步骤。Step5针对的是Windows操作系统，本次实践不会涉及。

Creating a Database with the CREATE DATABASE Statement Step 1: Specify an Instance Identifier (SID) Step 2: Ensure That the Required Environment Variables Are Set Step 3: Choose a Database Administrator Authentication Method Step 4: Create the Initialization Parameter File Step 5: (Windows Only) Create an Instance Step 6: Connect to the Instance Step 7: Create a Server Parameter File Step 8: Start the Instance Step 9: Issue the CREATE DATABASE Statement Step 10: Create Additional Tablespaces Step 11: Run Scripts to Build Data Dictionary Views

现在按照上面的步骤进行创建数据库。

Step 1: Specify an Instance Identifier (SID)

1. [oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ export ORACLE_SID=ZYX
   
2. [oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
   
3. ZYX

注：此处ORACLE_SID应该与后续口令文件、参数文件的命名中的SID大小写保持一致，否则会在Step7报ORA-01078的错误。

1. SQL> create spfile from pfile;
   
2. create spfile from pfile
   
3. *
   
4. ERROR at line 1:
   
5. ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters
   
6. LRM-00109: could not open parameter file
   
7. '/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbs/initzyx.ora'

Step 2: Ensure That the Required Environment Variables Are Set

必须设定的几个变量有ORACLE_SID、ORACLE_HOME、PATH变量中包含ORACLE_HOME/bin目录。

1. [oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ echo $ORACLE_SID
   
2. ZYX
   
3. [oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ echo $ORACLE_HOME
   
4. /oracle/product/11.2.0
   
5. [oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ echo $PATH
   
6. /oracle/product/11.2.0/bin:/usr/lib64/qt-3.3/bin:/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/home/oracle/bin

Step 3: Choose a Database Administrator Authentication Method

• With a password file

• With operating system authentication

这里我选择口令文件验证。所以要建立口令文件。口令文件的默认位置为 $ORACLE_HOME/dbs ，命名规则为 ORAPW<ORACLE_SID>

1. [oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ orapwd file=$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/orapwZYX password=oracle entries=30

 [oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
 [oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ ls
 hc_MTH.dat           initMTH.ora   lkMTH             orapwMTH   spfileMTH.ora
 hc_ORCL.dat          init.ora      lkORCL            orapwORCL  spfileORCL.ora
 initDBUA4624925.ora  initORCL.ora  orapwDBUA4624925  orapwZYX

Step 4: Create the Initialization Parameter File

在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs下，init.ora文件是pfile的模板，可以通过修改该文件的内容，生成所需要的pfile。文本 参数文件的默认位置为 $ORACLE_HOME/dbs ，命名规则为 init<ORACLE_SID> .ora

1. [oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ cat init.ora | grep -v ^# | grep -v ^$ > initZYX.ora
   
2. [oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ vi initZYX.ora
   
3. db_name='ORCL'
   
4. memory_target=1G
   
5. processes = 150
   
6. audit_file_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>/admin/orcl/adump'
   
7. audit_trail ='db'
   
8. db_block_size=8192
   
9. db_domain=''
   
10. db_recovery_file_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>/flash_recovery_area'
    
11. db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G
    
12. diagnostic_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>'
    
13. dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=ORCLXDB)'
    
14. open_cursors=300
    
15. remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
    
16. undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
    
17. control_files = (ora_control1, ora_control2)
    
18. compatible ='11.2.0'

(1)使用‘zyx'替换’orcl',大小写都替换。

1. :%s@orcl@zyx@gi

(2)用目录替换<ORACLE_BASE>

1. :%s@<ORACLE_BASE>@/oracle/product@g

(3)修改control_files变量

1. control_files = (/orasys/ZYX/control01.ctl,/oraidx/ZYX/control02.ctl )

(4)创建参数文件中所涉及到的目录

1. [oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ mkdir -p /oracle/product/admin/zyx/adump
   
2. [oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ mkdir -p /oracle/product/flash_recovery_area
   
3. [oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ mkdir -p /orasys/ZYX/
   
4. [oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ mkdir -p /oraidx/ZYX/

最后，经过修改的initZYX.ora的内容如下：

1. [oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ more initZYX.ora
   
2. db_name='zyx'
   
3. memory_target=1G
   
4. processes = 150
   
5. audit_file_dest='/oracle/product/admin/zyx/adump'
   
6. audit_trail ='db'
   
7. db_block_size=8192
   
8. db_domain=''
   
9. db_recovery_file_dest='/oracle/product/flash_recovery_area'
   
10. db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G
    
11. diagnostic_dest='/oracle/product'
    
12. dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=zyxXDB)'
    
13. open_cursors=300
    
14. remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
    
15. undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
    
16. control_files = (/orasys/ZYX/control01.ctl,/oraidx/ZYX/control02.ctl )
    
17. compatible ='11.2.0'

Step 6: Connect to the Instance

1. [oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ sqlplus sys as sysdba
   
2. 
   
3. SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun May 1 18:53:30 2016
   
4. 
   
5. Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
   
6. 
   
7. Enter password:
   
8. Connected to an idle instance.

Step 7: Create a Server Parameter File

1. SQL> create spfile from pfile;
   
2. 
   
3. File created.

可以看到在$ORACLE_HOME/dbs下多了spfileZYX.ora这样一个文件。

1. [oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ ls
   
2. hc_MTH.dat init.ora lkORCL orapwZYX
   
3. hc_ORCL.dat initORCL.ora orapwDBUA4624925 spfileMTH.ora
   
4. initDBUA4624925.ora initZYX.ora orapwMTH spfileORCL.ora
   
5. initMTH.ora lkMTH orapwORCL spfileZYX.ora

Step 8: Start the Instance

在启动实例的过程中，报 MEMORY_TARGET设定的错误。我将MEMORY_TARGET的值由1G改为了700M，重新生成spfileZYX.ora，之后启动到nomount状态。

1. SQL> startup nomount
   
2. ORA-00845: MEMORY_TARGET not supported on this system
3. [oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ vi initZYX.ora
   db_name='ZYX'
   memory_target=700M
   processes = 150
   audit_file_dest='/oracle/product/admin/zyx/adump'
   audit_trail ='db'
   db_block_size=8192
   db_domain=''
   db_recovery_file_dest='/oracle/product/flash_recovery_area'
   db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G
   diagnostic_dest='/oracle/product'
   dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=zyxXDB)'
   open_cursors=300
   remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
   undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
   control_files = (/orasys/ZYX/control01.ctl,/oraidx/ZYX/control02.ctl )
   compatible ='11.2.0'
   
   [oracle@TaylonMeng dbs]$ sqlplus sys as sysdba
   
   
   SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun May 1 19:17:19 2016
   
   
   Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
   
   
   Enter password:
   
   
   Connected to:
   Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production
   With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
   

   
   

   SQL> create spfile from pfile;
   
   File created.
   

   
   

   SQL> startup nomount;
   ORACLE instance started.
   
   Total System Global Area  730714112 bytes
   Fixed Size                  2256832 bytes
   Variable Size             478150720 bytes
   Database Buffers          243269632 bytes
   Redo Buffers                7036928 bytes
   

   
   

Step 9: Issue the CREATE DATABASE Statement

编辑一个CreateDB.sql文件，copy官方文档中的CREATE DATABASE语句，并做修改。

1. [oracle@TaylonMeng ~]$ vi CreateDB.sql
   
2. CREATE DATABASE ZYX
   
3.    USER SYS IDENTIFIED BY sys_password
   
4.    USER SYSTEM IDENTIFIED BY system_password
   
5.    LOGFILE GROUP 1 ('/oraidx/ZYX/redo01a.log','/oralog/ZYX/redo01b.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512,
   
6.            GROUP 2 ('/oraidx/ZYX/redo02a.log','/oralog/ZYX/redo02b.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512,
   
7.            GROUP 3 ('/oraidx/ZYX/redo03a.log','/oralog/ZYX/redo03b.log') SIZE 100M BLOCKSIZE 512
   
8.    MAXLOGFILES 5
   
9.    MAXLOGMEMBERS 5
   
10.    MAXLOGHISTORY 1
    
11.    MAXDATAFILES 100
    
12.    CHARACTER SET AL32UTF8
    
13.    NATIONAL CHARACTER SET AL16UTF16
    
14.    EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL
    
15.    DATAFILE '/orasys/ZYX/system01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
    
16.    SYSAUX DATAFILE '/orasys/ZYX/sysaux01.dbf' SIZE 325M REUSE
    
17.    DEFAULT TABLESPACE users
    
18.       DATAFILE '/orasys/ZYX/users01.dbf'
    
19.       SIZE 500M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED
    
20.    DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE tempts1
    
21.       TEMPFILE '/orasys/ZYX/temp01.dbf'
    
22.       SIZE 20M REUSE
    
23.    UNDO TABLESPACE undotbs1
    
24.       DATAFILE '/orasys/ZYX/undotbs01.dbf'
    
25.       SIZE 200M REUSE AUTOEXTEND ON MAXSIZE UNLIMITED;

(1)用‘ZYX’替换原本的‘mynewdb'
(2)修改SYS和SYSTEM用户的密码
(3)修改logfile、SYSTEM、SYSAUX、users、tempts1、undotbs数据文件的路径
(4)修改undo表空间的名称为undotbs1，与之前参数文件中的undo表空间名称一致
(5)创建所涉及的目录
(6)根据自己实际情况，修改语句的其他内容

执行CreateDB.sql文件

1. SQL> @/home/oracle/CreateDB.sql
   
2. 
   
3. Database created.

此时数据库已经是open状态了。

1. SQL> select open_mode,name from v$database;
   
2. 
   
3. OPEN_MODE NAME
   
4. -------------------- ---------
   
5. READ WRITE ZYX

Step 11: Run Scripts to Build Data Dictionary Views

In SQL*Plus, connect to your Oracle Database instance with the SYSDBA administrative privilege:

1. @?/rdbms/admin/catalog.sql
   
2. @?/rdbms/admin/catproc.sql
   
3. @?/rdbms/admin/utlrp.sql

In SQL*Plus, connect to your Oracle Database instance as SYSTEM user:

1. @?/sqlplus/admin/pupbld.sql

下面是四个脚本各自的作用。

Script	Description
CATALOG.SQL	Creates the views of the data dictionary tables, the dynamic performance views, and public synonyms for many of the views. GrantsPUBLIC access to the synonyms.
CATPROC.SQL	Runs all scripts required for or used with PL/SQL.
UTLRP.SQL	Recompiles all PL/SQL modules that are in an invalid state, including packages, procedures, and types.
PUPBLD.SQL	Required for SQL*Plus. Enables SQL*Plus to disable commands by user.

自此，就成功使用命令行创建好了Oracle数据库。

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