一、RabbitMQ为什么需要信道,为什么不是TCP直接通信
1、什么是信道
信道就是控制台上的Channels
项目启动后,Queues是出来了,但是Channels是空的,只有发送数据后,信道就会有了
2、连接、信道、交换器、队列的关联关系
Pubilsher:生产者
Consumer:消费者
Broker:rabbitmq服务器
Virtual Host:rabbitmq的虚拟机
Exchange Binding Queue:交换器和队列绑定在一起
具体讲解:
(1)Message
消息,消息是不具名的,它由消息头和消息体组成。消息体是不透明的,而消息头则由一系列的可选属性组成,这些属性包括routing-key(路由键)、priority(相对于其他消息的优先权)、delivery-mode(指出该消息可能需要持久性存储)等。
(2)Publisher
消息的生产者,也是一个向交换器发布消息的客户端应用程序。
(3)Consumer
消息的消费者,表示一个从消息队列中取得消息的客户端应用程序。
(4)Exchange
交换器,用来接收生产者发送的消息并将这些消息路由给服务器中的队列。
3种常用的交换器类型:
1.direct(发布与订阅、完全匹配)
2.fanout(广播)
3.topic(主题、规则匹配)
(5)Binding
绑定,用于消息队列和交换器之间的关联。一个绑定就是基于路由键将交换器和消息队列连接起来的路由规则,所以可以将交换器理解成一个由绑定构成的路由表。
(6)Queue
消息队列,用来保存消息直到发送给消费者。它是消息的容器,也是消息的终点。一个消息可以投入一个或多个队列。消息一直在队列里面,等待消费者连接到这个队列将其取走。
(7)routing key
路由键:RabbitMQ决定消息该投递到哪个队列的规则。
队列通过路由键绑定到交换器。
消息发送到代理服务器时,消息将拥有一个路由键,即便是空的,RabbitMQ也会将其和绑定使用的路由键进行匹配。
如果相匹配,消息将会投递到该队列,如果不匹配,消息将会进入黑洞。
(8)Connection
指RabbitMQ服务器和服务端建立的TCP连接。
(9)Channel
1.channel中文叫信道,是TCP里面的虚拟连接。例如:电缆相当于TCP,信道是一条独立光纤束,一条TCP连接上创建多条信道是没有限制的。
2.TCP一旦打开,就会创建AMQP信道。
3.无论是发布消息、接收消息、订阅队列,这些动作都是通过信道完成的。
(10)Virtual Host
虚拟主机,表示一批交换器、消息队列和相关对象。虚拟主机是共享相同的身份认证和加密环境的独立服务器域。每个vhost本质上就是一个mini版的RabbitMQ服务器,拥有自己的队列、交换器、绑定和权限机制。vhost是AMQP概念的基础,必须在连接时指定,RabbitMQ默认的vhost是/。
(11)Broker
表示消息队列服务器实体。
3、交换器和队列的关系
交换器是通过路由键和队列绑定在一起的,如果消息拥有的路由键跟队列和交换器的路由键匹配,那么消息就会被路由到该绑定的队列当中去。
也就是说,消息到队列的过程中,消息首先会经过交换器,接下来交换器再通过路由键匹配分发消息到具体的队列中去。
路由键可以理解为匹配规则。
4、rabbitmq为什么要用信道?为什么不是TCP直接通信?
(1)TCP的创建和销毁,开销大,创建要3次握手,销毁要4次分手。
(2)如果不用信道,那应用程序就会tcp连接到rabbit,高峰时每秒成千上万条连接会造成资源的巨大浪费,而且操作系统每秒处理tcp连接数也是有限制的,必定造成性能瓶颈。
(3)信道的原理是一条线程一条信道,多条线程多条信道同用一条TCP连接。一条TCP连接可以容纳无限的信道,即使每秒成千上万的请求也不会成为性能瓶颈。
二、direct交换器消息流
1、业务场景:系统日志处理
微服务产生的日志,交给日志服务器来处理
日志处理服务器有4个服务,分别为DEBUG、INFO、WARN、ERROR等
服务直接的通信采用direct(发布订阅)
2、配置文件添加
#yml不允许有value的key下面一层及有value,要间隔一个空的层级
#设置交换器
mq:
config:
exchange: log-direct
queue:
info: log.info
error: log.error
routing:
key:
info: log.info.routing.key
error: log.error.routing.key
3、修改消息发送类
package com.example.web;
import java.util.Date;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import io.swagger.annotations.Api;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiOperation;
@Api(description = "rabbitmq测试接口")
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/rabbit")
public class RabbitController {
@Autowired
RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;
@Value("${mq.config.exchange}")
private String exchange;
@ApiOperation("发送一条记录")
@GetMapping("/send")
public void send() {
String msg = "hello" + new Date();
//第一个参数是queue名称,第二个参数是msg
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("testQueue", msg);
}
@ApiOperation("direct交换器测试")
@GetMapping("/direct")
public void direct() {
String msg = "hello" + new Date();
//第一个参数是交换器,第二个参数是路由键,第三个参数是msg
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange, "log.info.routing.key", msg);
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange, "log.error.routing.key", msg);
}
}
4、添加消息接收类
RabbitDirectInfoService.java
package com.example.rabbit;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.ExchangeTypes;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Exchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Queue;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.QueueBinding;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitHandler;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@RabbitListener(bindings = @QueueBinding(
//绑定一个队列
value = @Queue(value = "${mq.config.queue.info}", autoDelete = "true"),
//绑定一个交换器
exchange = @Exchange(value = "${mq.config.exchange}", type = ExchangeTypes.DIRECT),
//配置路由键
key = "${mq.config.queue.routing.key.info}"
)
)
public class RabbitDirectInfoService {
@RabbitHandler
public void process(String msg) {
System.out.println("接收到INFO日志:" + msg);
}
}
RabbitDirectErrorService.java
package com.example.rabbit;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.ExchangeTypes;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Exchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Queue;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.QueueBinding;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitHandler;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@RabbitListener(bindings = @QueueBinding(
//绑定一个队列
value = @Queue(value = "${mq.config.queue.error}", autoDelete = "true"),
//绑定一个交换器
exchange = @Exchange(value = "${mq.config.exchange}", type = ExchangeTypes.DIRECT),
//配置路由键
key = "${mq.config.queue.routing.key.error}"
)
)
public class RabbitDirectErrorService {
@RabbitHandler
public void process(String msg) {
System.out.println("接收到ERROR日志:" + msg);
}
}
5、测试并查看日志
接收到INFO日志:helloFri May 20 17:05:17 CST 2022
接收到ERROR日志:helloFri May 20 17:05:17 CST 2022
三、topic交换器消息流
1、业务场景
多个服务端
路由键里有*号,模糊匹配
2、修改配置文件
#yml不允许有value的key下面一层及有value,要间隔一个空的层级
#设置交换器
mq:
config:
exchange: log-direct
exchange2: log-topic
queue:
info: log.info
error: log.error
info2: log.info2
error2: log.error2
logs: log.msg #全消息
routing:
key:
info: log.info.routing.key
error: log.error.routing.key
userinfo: user.log.info
userdebug: user.log.debug
userwarn: user.log.warn
usererror: user.log.error
productinfo: product.log.info
productdebug: product.log.debug
productwarn: product.log.warn
producterror: product.log.error
orderinfo: order.log.info
orderdebug: order.log.debug
orderwarn: order.log.warn
ordererror: order.log.error
3、修改消息发送类
package com.example.web;
import java.util.Date;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import io.swagger.annotations.Api;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiOperation;
@Api(description = "rabbitmq测试接口")
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/rabbit")
public class RabbitController {
@Autowired
RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;
@Value("${mq.config.exchange}")
private String exchange;
@Value("${mq.config.exchange2}")
private String exchange2;
@ApiOperation("发送一条记录")
@GetMapping("/send")
public void send() {
String msg = "hello" + new Date();
//第一个参数是queue名称,第二个参数是msg
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("testQueue", msg);
}
@ApiOperation("direct交换器测试")
@GetMapping("/direct")
public void direct() {
String msg = "hello" + new Date();
//第一个参数是交换器,第二个参数是路由键,第三个参数是msg
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange, "log.info.routing.key", msg);
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange, "log.error.routing.key", msg);
}
@ApiOperation("topic交换器测试")
@GetMapping("/topic")
public void topic() {
//第一个参数是交换器,第二个参数是路由键,第三个参数是msg
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "user.log.info", "user info......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "user.log.debug", "user debug......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "user.log.warn", "user warn......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "user.log.error", "user error......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "product.log.info", "product info......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "product.log.debug", "product debug......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "product.log.warn", "product warn......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "product.log.error", "product error......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "order.log.info", "order info......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "order.log.debug", "order debug......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "order.log.warn", "order warn......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "order.log.error", "order error......");
}
}
4、添加消息接收类
RabbitTopicErrorService.java
package com.example.rabbit;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.ExchangeTypes;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Exchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Queue;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.QueueBinding;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitHandler;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@RabbitListener(bindings = @QueueBinding(
//绑定一个队列
value = @Queue(value = "${mq.config.queue.error2}", autoDelete = "true"),
//绑定一个交换器
exchange = @Exchange(value = "${mq.config.exchange2}", type = ExchangeTypes.TOPIC),
//配置路由键
key = "*.log.error"
)
)
public class RabbitTopicErrorService {
@RabbitHandler
public void process(String msg) {
System.out.println("error----------日志:" + msg);
}
}
RabbitTopicInfoService.java
package com.example.rabbit;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.ExchangeTypes;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Exchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Queue;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.QueueBinding;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitHandler;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@RabbitListener(bindings = @QueueBinding(
//绑定一个队列
value = @Queue(value = "${mq.config.queue.info2}", autoDelete = "true"),
//绑定一个交换器
exchange = @Exchange(value = "${mq.config.exchange2}", type = ExchangeTypes.TOPIC),
//配置路由键
key = "*.log.info"
)
)
public class RabbitTopicInfoService {
@RabbitHandler
public void process(String msg) {
System.out.println("info----------日志:" + msg);
}
}
RabbitTopicLogsService.java
package com.example.rabbit;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.ExchangeTypes;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Exchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Queue;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.QueueBinding;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitHandler;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@RabbitListener(bindings = @QueueBinding(
//绑定一个队列
value = @Queue(value = "${mq.config.queue.logs}", autoDelete = "true"),
//绑定一个交换器
exchange = @Exchange(value = "${mq.config.exchange2}", type = ExchangeTypes.TOPIC),
//配置路由键
key = "*.log.*"
)
)
public class RabbitTopicLogsService {
@RabbitHandler
public void process(String msg) {
System.out.println("all----------日志:" + msg);
}
}
5、测试并查看日志
all----------日志:user info......
info----------日志:user info......
all----------日志:user debug......
all----------日志:user warn......
all----------日志:user error......
all----------日志:product info......
info----------日志:product info......
all----------日志:product debug......
error----------日志:user error......
info----------日志:order info......
error----------日志:product error......
all----------日志:product warn......
error----------日志:order error......
all----------日志:product error......
all----------日志:order info......
all----------日志:order debug......
all----------日志:order warn......
all----------日志:order error......
注意:topic模式绑定的queue不能和direct模式绑定的queue一样,否则会有发往topic交换器的消息给direct交换器接收到了,这样的异常情况
direct和topic区别,direct指定了路由键,topic可以模糊匹配
四、fanout交换器消息流
1、业务场景
2、配置文件修改
添加交换器和队列。广播不需要路由键,因为它是一个接收的关系,它没有指定到某个队列
#yml不允许有value的key下面一层及有value,要间隔一个空的层级
#设置交换器
mq:
config:
exchange: log-direct
exchange2: log-topic
exchange3: order.fanout
queue:
info: log.info
error: log.error
info2: log.info2
error2: log.error2
logs: log.msg #全消息
sms: order.sms
push: order.push
routing:
key:
info: log.info.routing.key
error: log.error.routing.key
userinfo: user.log.info
userdebug: user.log.debug
userwarn: user.log.warn
usererror: user.log.error
productinfo: product.log.info
productdebug: product.log.debug
productwarn: product.log.warn
producterror: product.log.error
orderinfo: order.log.info
orderdebug: order.log.debug
orderwarn: order.log.warn
ordererror: order.log.error
3、修改消息发送类
package com.example.web;
import java.util.Date;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import io.swagger.annotations.Api;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiOperation;
@Api(description = "rabbitmq测试接口")
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/rabbit")
public class RabbitController {
@Autowired
RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;
@Value("${mq.config.exchange}")
private String exchange;
@Value("${mq.config.exchange2}")
private String exchange2;
@Value("${mq.config.exchange3}")
private String exchange3;
@ApiOperation("发送一条记录")
@GetMapping("/send")
public void send() {
String msg = "hello" + new Date();
//第一个参数是queue名称,第二个参数是msg
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("testQueue", msg);
}
@ApiOperation("direct交换器测试")
@GetMapping("/direct")
public void direct() {
String msg = "hello" + new Date();
//第一个参数是交换器,第二个参数是路由键,第三个参数是msg
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange, "log.info.routing.key", msg);
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange, "log.error.routing.key", msg);
}
@ApiOperation("topic交换器测试")
@GetMapping("/topic")
public void topic() {
//第一个参数是交换器,第二个参数是路由键,第三个参数是msg
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "user.log.info", "user info......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "user.log.debug", "user debug......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "user.log.warn", "user warn......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "user.log.error", "user error......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "product.log.info", "product info......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "product.log.debug", "product debug......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "product.log.warn", "product warn......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "product.log.error", "product error......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "order.log.info", "order info......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "order.log.debug", "order debug......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "order.log.warn", "order warn......");
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange2, "order.log.error", "order error......");
}
@ApiOperation("fanout交换器测试")
@GetMapping("/fanout")
public void fanout() {
String msg = "hello" + new Date();
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(exchange3, "", msg);
}
}
4、添加消息接收类
RabbitFanoutSmsInfoService.java
package com.example.rabbit;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.ExchangeTypes;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Exchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Queue;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.QueueBinding;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitHandler;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@RabbitListener(bindings = @QueueBinding(
//绑定一个队列
value = @Queue(value = "${mq.config.queue.push}", autoDelete = "true"),
//绑定一个交换器
exchange = @Exchange(value = "${mq.config.exchange3}", type = ExchangeTypes.FANOUT)
)
)
public class RabbitFanoutSmsInfoService {
@RabbitHandler
public void process(String msg) {
System.out.println("推送处理:" + msg);
}
}
RabbitFanoutPushInfoService.java
package com.example.rabbit;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.ExchangeTypes;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Exchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.Queue;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.QueueBinding;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitHandler;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
@RabbitListener(bindings = @QueueBinding(
//绑定一个队列
value = @Queue(value = "${mq.config.queue.sms}", autoDelete = "true"),
//绑定一个交换器
exchange = @Exchange(value = "${mq.config.exchange3}", type = ExchangeTypes.FANOUT)
)
)
public class RabbitFanoutPushInfoService {
@RabbitHandler
public void process(String msg) {
System.out.println("短信处理:" + msg);
}
}
5、测试并查看日志
短信处理:helloSun May 22 13:56:05 CST 2022
推送处理:helloSun May 22 13:56:05 CST 2022
参考资料:
https://www.jianshu.com/p/c561368dd40e