空间索引
1 建立索引之前为空间层插入元数据
SQL> desc user_sdo_geom_metadata;
名称 是否为空? 类型
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
TABLE_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(32)
COLUMN_NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(1024)
DIMINFO MDSYS.SDO_DIM_ARRAY
SRID NUMBER
SQL> select * from user_sdo_geom_metadata;
TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME DIMINFO SRID
---------- ----------------------------- ------- ----------
CUSTOMERS LOCATION 8307
GC_ROAD_SEGMENT_US GEOMETRY 8307
US_RESTAURANTS LOCATION 8307
US_INTERSTATES GEOM 8307
为对应于customer表的LOCATION列的空间层插入元数据
user_sdo_geom_metadata 是个视图
INSERT INTO user_sdo_geom_metadata
(table_name, column_name, srid, diminfo)
VALUES
(
'CUSTOMERS', -- TABLE_NAME
'LOCATION', -- COLUMN_NAME
8307, -- SRID specifying a geodetic coordinate system
SDO_DIM_ARRAY -- DIMINFO attribute for storing dimension bounds, tolerance
(
SDO_DIM_ELEMENT
(
'LONGITUDE', -- DIMENSION NAME for first dimension
-180, -- SDO_LB for the dimension: -180 degrees
180, -- SDO_UB for the dimension: 180 degrees
0.5 -- Tolerance of 0.5 meters (not 0.5 degrees: geodetic SRID)
),
SDO_DIM_ELEMENT
(
'LATITUDE', -- DIMENSION NAME for second dimension
-90, -- SDO_LB for the dimension: -90 degrees
90, -- SDO_UB for the dimension: 90 degrees
0.5 -- Tolerance of 0.5 meters (not 0.5 degrees: geodetic SRID)
)
)
);
DIMINFO域为每个维定义了 边界和容差(TOLERANE).它的值被设置为一个含有两个元素的SDO_DIM_ARRAY对象.
2 创建空间索引
首先删除索引:
DROP INDEX CUSTOMERS_SIDX;
其次创建索引:
CREATE INDEX CUSTOMERS_SIDX ON CUSTOMERS(LOCATION) INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX;
3 空间索引的参数信息
创建空间索引的语法:
CREATE INDEX ON ()
INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX
PARAMETERS ('parameter_string');
l TABLSPACE 参数
通过这个参数,可以指定用哪个表空间来存储空间索引表。EG: tablesspace= TBS_3 会将空间索引表存储在空间表空间TBS_3中
CREATE INDEX customers_sidx ON customers(location)
INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX
PARAMETERS ('TABLESPACE=TBS_3');
l WORK_TABLSPACE 参数
创建和删除大量不同大小的表会使表空间产生很多的空间碎片。为了避免这种情况,可以使用WORK_TABLSPACE 参数来为这些工作表指定一个单独的表空间
CREATE INDEX customers_sidx ON customers(location)
INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX
PARAMETERS ('WORK_TABLESPACE= TBS_4');
l SDO_DML_BATCH_SIZE 参数
在含有空间索引的表的插入和删除操作并未直接纳入该空间索引。相反,他们是在事务提交时被批量的纳入该索引中。这个参数用于指定一个事务中批量插入删除更新时的批量大小(对有大量插入的事务,该参数应该设置为50000或是10000)。
CREATE INDEX customers_sidx ON customers(location)
INDEXTYPE IS MDSYS.SPATIAL_INDEX
PARAMETERS ('SDO_DML_BATCH_SIZE=5000');
4 USER_SDO_INDEX_METADATA视图
SQL> desc user_sdo_index_metadata;
名称 是否为空? 类型
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------------
SDO_INDEX_OWNER VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_INDEX_TYPE VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_LEVEL NUMBER
SDO_NUMTILES NUMBER
SDO_MAXLEVEL NUMBER
SDO_COMMIT_INTERVAL NUMBER
SDO_INDEX_TABLE VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_INDEX_NAME VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_INDEX_PRIMARY NUMBER
SDO_TSNAME VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_COLUMN_NAME VARCHAR2(2048)
SDO_RTREE_HEIGHT NUMBER
SDO_RTREE_NUM_NODES NUMBER
SDO_RTREE_DIMENSIONALITY NUMBER
SDO_RTREE_FANOUT NUMBER
SDO_RTREE_ROOT VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_RTREE_SEQ_NAME VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_FIXED_META RAW(255)
SDO_TABLESPACE VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_INITIAL_EXTENT VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_NEXT_EXTENT VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_PCTINCREASE NUMBER
SDO_MIN_EXTENTS NUMBER
SDO_MAX_EXTENTS NUMBER
SDO_INDEX_DIMS NUMBER
SDO_LAYER_GTYPE VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_RTREE_PCTFREE NUMBER
SDO_INDEX_PARTITION VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_PARTITIONED NUMBER
SDO_RTREE_QUALITY NUMBER
SDO_INDEX_VERSION NUMBER
SDO_INDEX_GEODETIC VARCHAR2(8)
SDO_INDEX_STATUS VARCHAR2(32)
SDO_NL_INDEX_TABLE VARCHAR2(33)
SDO_DML_BATCH_SIZE NUMBER
SDO_RTREE_ENT_XPND NUMBER
SDO_ROOT_MBR MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY
可以查询参数信息
SQL> select sdo_tablespace from user_sdo_index_metadata;
5 空间索引大小需求确定
SELECT sdo_tune.estimate_rtree_index_size
(
'SPATIAL', -- schema name
'CUSTOMERS', -- table name
'LOCATION' -- column name on which the spatial index is to be built
) sz
FROM dual;
6 向表中添加位置信息
第一:创建普通表
CREATE TABLE customers
(
id NUMBER,
datasrc_id NUMBER,
name VARCHAR2(35),
category VARCHAR2(30),
street_number VARCHAR2(5),
street_name VARCHAR2(60),
city VARCHAR2(32),
postal_code VARCHAR2(16),
state VARCHAR2(32),
phone_number VARCHAR2(15),
customer_grade VARCHAR2(15)
);
第二 向创建好的表中插入数据
INSERT INTO customers VALUES
(
1, -- id
1, -- datasrc_id
'Pizza Hut' , -- name
'Restaurant', -- restaurant
'134', -- street_number
'12TH STREET', -- street_name
'WASHINGTON', -- city
'20003', -- postal_code
'DC', -- state
NULL, -- phone_number
'GOLD' -- customer_grade’
);
第三 向刚才创建好的普通表上添加位置信息
SQL> alter table customers add (location sdo_geometry);
表已更改。
SQL> desc customers;
名称 是否为空? 类型
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------
ID NUMBER
DATASRC_ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(35)
CATEGORY VARCHAR2(30)
STREET_NUMBER VARCHAR2(5)
STREET_NAME VARCHAR2(60)
CITY VARCHAR2(32)
POSTAL_CODE VARCHAR2(16)
STATE VARCHAR2(32)
PHONE_NUMBER VARCHAR2(15)
CUSTOMER_GRADE VARCHAR2(15)
LOCATION PUBLIC.SDO_GEOMETRY
有了LOCATION列插入数据
INSERT INTO customers
(
ID,
DATASRC_ID,
NAME,
CATEGORY,
STREET_NUMBER,
STREET_NAME,
CITY,
POSTAL_CODE,
STATE,
PHONE_NUMBER,
CUSTOMER_GRADE
)
VALUES
(
1, -- id
1, -- datasrc_id
'Pizza Hut' , -- name
'Restaurant', -- restaurant
'134', -- street_number
'12TH STREET', -- street_name
'WASHINGTON', -- city
'20003', -- postal_code
'DC', -- state
NULL, -- phone_number
'GOLD' -- customer_grade’
);
第四 查询customers;表中的具体客户的地址信息
SQL> select street_number,street_name,city,state,postal_code from customers where id=1;
STREET_NUMBER STREET_NAME CITY STATE POSTAL_CODE
------------- -------------- ------------------ ----------------- ------------
134 12TH STREET WASHINGTON DC 20003
第五 修改地理编码地址以获得显示的空间信息
UPDATE customers
SET location =
SDO_GCDR.GEOCODE_AS_GEOMETRY
(
'SPATIAL',
SDO_KEYWORDARRAY
(
street_number || '' || street_name, -- add whitespace between street_number and street_name
city || ',' || state || ' ' || postal_code
),
'US'
) ;
ORACLE SPATIAL 使你能够转换地址(street_number, street_name, city和postal_code)为一个在地球表面上的二维点位置
SDO_GCDR.GEOCODE_AS_GEOMETRY 这个函数分别采用模式名称和地理编码数据集名称作为第一个和最后一个参数
第二个参数是一个SDO_KEYWORDARRAY对象,由地址部件street_number, street_name, city和postal_code构成
第六 查询显示的结果
SQL> SELECT location;
2 FROM customers
3 WHERE id=1;
LOCATION(SDO_GTYPE, SDO_SRID, SDO_POINT(X, Y, Z), SDO_ELEM_INFO, SDO_ORDINATES)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SDO_GEOMETRY(2001, 8307, SDO_POINT_TYPE(-77.01324, 38.8936, NULL), NULL, NULL)
第七 使用SDO_GEOMETRY构造函数更新LOCATION列
UPDATE customers
SET location =
SDO_GEOMETRY
(
2001, -- Specify that location is a point
8307, -- Specify coordinate system id
SDO_POINT_TYPE(-77.06, 38.94, NULL), -- Specify coordinates here
NULL,
NULL
)
WHERE id=1;
第八 为CUSTOMERS表的LOCATION列相对应的空间层插入元数据
INSERT INTO USER_SDO_GEOM_METADATA VALUES
(
'CUSTOMERS', -- TABLE_NAME
'LOCATION', -- COLUMN_NAME
SDO_DIM_ARRAY -- DIMINFO attribute for storing dimension bounds, tolerance
(
SDO_DIM_ELEMENT
(
'LONGITUDE', -- DIMENSION NAME for first dimension
-120, -- SDO_LB for the dimension
120, -- SDO_UB for the dimension
0.5 -- Tolerance of 0.5 meters
),
SDO_DIM_ELEMENT
(
'LATITUDE', -- DIMENSION NAME for second dimension
-70, -- SDO_LB for the dimension
70, -- SDO_UB for the dimension
0.5 -- Tolerance of 0.5 meters
)
),
8307 -- SRID value for specifying a geodetic coordinate system
);
第九
SQL> DESC SDO_GEOMETRY;
名称 是否为空? 类型
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------------------
SDO_GTYPE NUMBER
SDO_SRID NUMBER
SDO_POINT MDSYS.SDO_POINT_TYPE
SDO_ELEM_INFO MDSYS.SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY
SDO_ORDINATES MDSYS.SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY
SDO_POINT仅能够存储 三个坐标(X,Y和Z).这就是说 在数据是三维或低于三维 的时候才适合。对于饲喂的点,只能使用SDO_ELEM_INFO和SDO_ORDINATES属性。
l 查询CUSTOMER表中LOCATION列的SDO_GTYPE
SQL> select ct.location.sdo_gtype from customers ct ;
LOCATION.SDO_GTYPE
------------------
2001
l SDO_SRID这个属性为几何体规定了空间参考系或是坐标系,选择一个合适的坐标系需要看以下的表
SQL> desc mdsys.cs_srs;
名称 是否为空? 类型
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------
CS_NAME VARCHAR2(80)
SRID NOT NULL NUMBER(38)
AUTH_SRID NUMBER(38)
AUTH_NAME VARCHAR2(256)
WKTEXT VARCHAR2(2046)
CS_BOUNDS MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY
WKTEXT3D VARCHAR2(4000)
l SDO_POINT这个属性定义了点的坐标,例如客户的位置。这个属性的类型是另一种对象类型SDO_POINT_TYPE.
SQL> DESC SDO_POINT_TYPE;
名称 是否为空? 类型
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------
X NUMBER
Y NUMBER
Z NUMBER
2012/2/16
n 构造简单二维几何体的案例来插入数据(充分使用SDO_ELEM_INFO和SDO_ORDINATES属性)
第一:创建一个存储所有几何示例的表
CREATE TABLE geometry_examples
(
name VARCHAR2(100),
description VARCHAR2(100),
geom SDO_GEOMETRY
);
SQL> desc geometry_examples;
名称 是否为空? 类型
----------------------------------------- -------- --------------------
NAME VARCHAR2(100)
DESCRIPTION VARCHAR2(100)
GEOM PUBLIC.SDO_GEOMETRY
第二: 插入数据
INSERT INTO geometry_examples (name, description, geom) VALUES
(
'POINT',
'2-dimensional Point at coordinates (-79,37) with srid set to 8307',
SDO_GEOMETRY
(
2001, -- SDO_GTYPE format: D00T. Set to 2001 for a 2-dimensional point
8307, -- SDO_SRID (geodetic)
SDO_POINT_TYPE
(
-79, -- ordinate value for Longitude
37, -- ordinate value Latitude
NULL -- no third dimension (only 2 dimensions)
),
NULL,
NULL
)
);
ORACLE SPATIAL要求经度坐标放在第一位,维度坐标放在第二维。
第三:用熟知文本(SQL/MM)来构造一个点几何体
SELECT SDO_GEOMETRY(' POINT(-79 37) ', 8307) geom FROM DUAL;
GEOM(SDO_GTYPE, SDO_SRID, SDO_POINT(X, Y, Z), SDO_ELEM_INFO, SDO_ORDINATES)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SDO_GEOMETRY(2001, 8307, SDO_POINT_TYPE(-79, 37, NULL), NULL, NULL)
第四:在SDO_ORDINATES数组中(而不是SDO_POINT中)存储点坐标
INSERT INTO geometry_examples VALUES
(
'2-D POINT stored in SDO_ORDINATES',
'2-dimensional Point at coordinates (-79, 37) with srid set to 8307',
SDO_GEOMETRY
(
2001, -- SDO_GTYPE format: D00T. Set to 2001 for as a 2-dimensional point
8307, -- SDO_SRID
NULL, -- SDO_POINT attribute set to NULL
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY -- SDO_ELEM_INFO attribute (see Table 4-2 for values)
(
1, -- Offset is 1
1, -- Element-type is 1 for a point
1 -- Interpretation specifies # of points. In this case 1.
),
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY -- SDO_ORDINATES attribute
(
-79, -- Ordinate value for Longitude
37 -- Ordinate value for Latitude
)
)
);
Offset:永远设置为1,因为在SDO_ORDINATES中只有一个元素
Element-type:与几何体的SDO_GTYPE类型中的T值直接对应
Interpretation:表示一个元素更细微的信息
第五:认识SDO_ELEM_INFO和SDO_ORDINATES属性
SDO_ELEM_INFO属性是SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY类型的,这个类型同样是一个数字型VARRAY,最大容量是1048576个数字。
SDO_ORDINATES属性是SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY类型的,这个想是一个数字型VARRAY(可变长度数组)
第五:了解存储四维点的案例
INSERT INTO geometry_examples VALUES
(
'4-D POINT',
'4-dimensional Point at (Xa=>2, Ya=>2, Za=>2, La=>2) with srid set to NULL',
SDO_GEOMETRY
(
4001, -- SDO_GTYPE: D00T. Set to 4001 as it is a 4-dimensional point
NULL, -- SDO_SRID
NULL, -- SDO_POINT_TYPE is null
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1,1,1), -- Indicates a point element
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(2,2,2,2) -- Store the four ordinates here
)
);
n 通过直线连接的线串(充分使用SDO_ELEM_INFO和SDO_ORDINATES属性)
为二维的线串插入值
INSERT INTO geometry_examples VALUES
(
'LINE STRING',
'2-D line string connecting A(Xa=>1,Ya=>1),B(Xb=>2, Yb=>2), C(Xc=>2,Yc=>1)',
SDO_GEOMETRY
(
2002, -- SDO_GTYPE: D00T. Set to 2002 as it is a 2-dimensional line string
32774, -- SDO_SRID
NULL, -- SDO_POINT_TYPE is null
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY -- SDO_ELEM_INFO attribute (see Table 4-2 for values)
(
1, -- Offset is 1
2, -- Element-type is 2 for a LINE STRING
1 -- Interpretation is 1 if line string is connected by straight lines.
),
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY -- SDO_ORDINATES attribute
(
1,1, -- Xa, Ya values
2,2, -- Xb, Yb values
2,1 -- Xc, Yc values
)
)
);
n 通过弧线连接的线串(充分使用SDO_ELEM_INFO和SDO_ORDINATES属性)
为二维的弧线插入值
INSERT INTO geometry_examples VALUES
(
'ARCSTRING',
'2-D arc connecting A(Xa=>1,Ya=>1),B(Xb=>2, Yb=>2), C(Xc=>2,Yc=>1)',
SDO_GEOMETRY
(
2002, -- SDO_GTYPE: D00T. Set to 2002 as it is a 2-dimensional line string
32774, -- SDO_SRID
NULL, -- SDO_POINT_TYPE is null
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY -- SDO_ELEM_INFO attribute (see Table 4-2 for values)
(
1, -- Offset is 1
2, -- Element-type is 2 for a LINE STRING
2 -- Interpretation is 2 if line string is connected by ARCs.
),
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY -- SDO_ORDINATES attribute
(
1,1, -- Xa, Ya values
2,2, -- Xb, Yb values
2,1 -- Xc, Yc values
)
)
);
n 多边形,边界通过直线连接的环(充分使用SDO_ELEM_INFO和SDO_ORDINATES属性)
为直线连接的多边形插入值
INSERT INTO geometry_examples VALUES
(
'POLYGON',
'2-D polygon connecting A(Xa, Ya), B(Xb, Yb), C(Xc, Yc), D(Xd, Yd)',
SDO_GEOMETRY
(
2003, -- SDO_GTYPE: D00T. Set to 2003 as it is a 2-dimensional polygon
32774, -- SDO_SRID
NULL, -- SDO_POINT_TYPE is null
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY -- SDO_ELEM_INFO attribute (see Table 4-2 for values)
(
1, -- Offset is 1
1003, -- Element-type is 1003 for an outer POLYGON element
1 -- Interpretation is 1 if boundary is connected by straight lines.
),
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY -- SDO_ORDINATES attribute
(
1,1, -- Xa, Ya values
2,-1, -- Xb, Yb values
3,1, -- Xc, Yc values
2,2, -- Xd, Yd values
1,1 -- Xa, Ya values : Repeat first vertex to close the ring
)
)
);
n 圆(充分使用SDO_ELEM_INFO和SDO_ORDINATES属性)
为圆插入值
INSERT INTO geometry_examples VALUES
(
'CIRCLE POLYGON',
'2-D circle polygon with 3 boundary points A(Xa,Ya), B(Xb,Yb), C(Xc,Yc)',
SDO_GEOMETRY
(
2003, -- SDO_GTYPE: D00T. Set to 2003 as it is a 2-dimensional polygon
32774, -- SDO_SRID
NULL, -- SDO_POINT_TYPE is null
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY -- SDO_ELEM_INFO attribute (see Table 4-2 for values)
(
1, -- Offset is 1
1003, -- Element-type is 1003 for (an outer) POLYGON
4 -- Interpretation is 4 if polygon is a CIRCLE
),
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY -- SDO_ORDINATES attribute
(
1,1, -- Xa, Ya values
3,1, -- Xb, Yb values
2,2 -- Xc, Yc values
)
)
);
查询相关属性值的内容
SQL> select ge.geom.sdo_elem_info from geometry_examples ge;
GEOM.SDO_ELEM_INFO
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1, 1, 1)
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1, 1, 1)
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1, 2, 1)
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1, 2, 2)
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1, 1003, 1)
SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY(1, 1003, 4)
已选择7行。
SQL> select ge.geom.sdo_ordinates from geometry_examples ge;
GEOM.SDO_ORDINATES
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(-79, 37)
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(2, 2, 2, 2)
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1)
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 1)
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(1, 1, 2, -1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1)
SDO_ORDINATE_ARRAY(1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2)
已选择7行。
SQL> select ge.geom.sdo_point from geometry_examples ge;
GEOM.SDO_POINT(X, Y, Z)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SDO_POINT_TYPE(-79, 37, NULL)
已选择7行。
SQL> select ge.geom.sdo_srid from geometry_examples ge;
GEOM.SDO_SRID
-------------
8307
8307
32774
32774
32774
32774
已选择7行。
SQL> select ge.geom.sdo_gtype from geometry_examples ge;
GEOM.SDO_GTYPE
--------------
2001
2001
4001
2002
2002
2003
2003
已选择7行。
修改相关属性值的内容
调试空间数据库运用的函数
Getnumelem
Getnumverticces
Getvertices
SELECT SDO_UTIL.GETNUMELEM(geom) nelem
FROM sales_regions
WHERE id=10000;
SELECT SDO_UTIL.GETNUMVERTICES(geom) nverts
FROM sales_regions
WHERE id=10000;
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