首先搞清下几个概念:
ORACLE中,约束分deferred 跟 immediate 2种:
deferred:如果 Oracle 在事务提交(commit)时才对约束执行检查,则称此约束是延迟的(deferred)。如果数据违反了延迟约束,提交操作将导致事务被回滚(undo)。
immediate:如果约束是即时的(immediate)(非延迟的),则此约束将在语句执行结束后进行检查。如果数据违反了延迟约束,语句将被立即回滚。
一般情况下,我们用的约束初始都是immediate型的(默认),而且不好转为deferred型。但是如果初始是deferrable(需要手动指定),那deferred跟immediate 2种状态可以随意转换。
此外,约束有以下4种状态:
ENABLE(启用)确保所有输入的数据都遵从约束(constraint)
DISABLE(禁用)总是允许输入数据,无论数据是否遵从约束
VALIDATE(验证)确保已存在的数据遵从约束
NOVALIDATE(无验证)允许已存在的数据不遵从约束
ENABLE VALIDATE 与 ENABLE 相同。Oracle 将检查约束,并保证所有数据均遵从约束。
ENABLE NOVALIDATE 表示所有新插入或被修改的数据都必须遵从约束,但允许已存在的数据不遵从约束。
DISABLE NOVALIDATE 与 DISABLE 相同。Oracle 不会检查约束.
DISABLE VALIDATE 将禁用约束,移除约束使用的索引,并禁止修改约束键的数据。
约束不论哪种类型,要能够生效,必须状态是enable才行。
SQL > drop table aa purge;
Table dropped .
SQL > create table aa ( id number , name varchar2( 20 ), constraint pk primary key( id));
Table created .
SQL > col constraint_name for a11
SQL > select CONSTRAINT_NAME , CONSTRAINT_TYPE , TABLE_NAME , STATUS , DEFERRABLE , DEFERRED , validated from u
ser_constraints where table_name = 'AA';
CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS DEFERRABLE DEFERRED VALIDATED
----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------
PK P AA ENABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE VALIDATED
--可以看到,默认的是NOT DEFERRABLE,下面我们将它转为immediate试试
SQL > set constraint pk immediate;
set constraint pk immediate
*
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA - 02447 : cannot defer a constraint that is not deferrable
--增加一个uk,指定deferrable initially immidiate|deferred
SQL > alter table aa add constraint uk unique ( name) deferrable initially immediate;
Table altered .
SQL > select CONSTRAINT_NAME , CONSTRAINT_TYPE , TABLE_NAME , STATUS , DEFERRABLE , DEFERRED , validated from u
ser_constraints where table_name = 'AA';
CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS DEFERRABLE DEFERRED VALIDATED
----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------
PK P AA ENABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE VALIDATED
UK U AA ENABLED DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE VALIDATED
SQL > select * from aa;
no rows selected
SQL > insert into aa values( 1 , 'SDF');
1 row created .
SQL > insert into aa values( 2 , 'SDF');
insert into aa values( 2 , 'SDF')
*
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA - 00001 : unique constraint ( LYN . UK) violated
SQL > set constraints uk deferred;
Constraint set .
SQL > select * from aa;
no rows selected
SQL > insert into aa values( 1 , 'SDF');
1 row created .
SQL > insert into aa values( 2 , 'SDF');
1 row created .
SQL > commit;
commit
*
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA - 02091 : transaction rolled back
ORA - 00001 : unique constraint ( LYN . UK) violated
--此外,可以在SESSION里设定所有约束是立即检查(immediate)还是延迟检查(deferred),当然,这只影响初始时指定可延迟的(deferrable)约束。
SQL > alter session set constraint = immediate;
Session altered .
SQL > alter session set constraints = deferred;
Session altered .
--4种状态对比-----------------
SQL > drop table aa purge;
Table dropped .
SQL > create table aa( id number primary key);
Table created .
--enable validate(默认)
SQL > select CONSTRAINT_NAME , CONSTRAINT_TYPE , TABLE_NAME , STATUS , DEFERRABLE , DEFERRED , validated from
user_constraints where table_name = 'AA';
CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS DEFERRABLE DEFERRED VALIDATED
----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------
SYS_C002829 P AA ENABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE VALIDATED
SQL > insert into aa select 2010 from dual;
1 row created .
SQL > insert into aa select 2010 from dual;
insert into aa select 2010 from dual
*
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA - 00001 : unique constraint ( LYN . SYS_C002829) violated
--disable novalidate
SQL > alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable;
Table altered .
SQL > select CONSTRAINT_NAME , CONSTRAINT_TYPE , TABLE_NAME , STATUS , DEFERRABLE , DEFERRED , validated from
user_constraints where table_name = 'AA';
CONSTRAINT_ C TABLE STATUS DEFERRABLE DEFERRED VALIDATED
----------- - ----- -------- -------------- --------- -------------
SYS_C002829 P AA DISABLED NOT DEFERRABLE IMMEDIATE NOT VALIDATED
SQL > select * from aa;
ID
----------
2010
SQL > insert into aa select 2010 from dual;
1 row created .
SQL > insert into aa select 2010 from dual;
1 row created .
SQL > commit;
Commit complete .
--disable validate
SQL > alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable validate;
alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable validate
*
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA - 02437 : cannot validate ( LYN . SYS_C002829) - primary key violated
SQL > select * from aa;
ID
----------
2010
2010
2010
SQL > delete aa where rownum < 3;
2 rows deleted .
SQL > select rownum , id from aa;
ROWNUM ID
---------- ----------
1 2010
SQL > alter table aa modify constraints SYS_C002829 disable validate;
Table altered .
SQL > update aa set id = 2012;
update aa set id = 2012
*
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA - 25128 : No insert / update / delete on table with constraint ( LYN . SYS_C002829) disabled and validated
SQL > insert into aa select 2012 from dual;
insert into aa select 2012 from dual
*
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA - 25128 : No insert / update / delete on table with constraint ( LYN . SYS_C002829) disabled and validated
SQL > delete from aa;
delete from aa
*
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA - 25128 : No insert / update / delete on table with constraint ( LYN . SYS_C002829) disabled and validated
SQL > truncate table aa;
truncate table aa
*
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA - 25128 : No insert / update / delete on table with constraint ( LYN . SYS_C002829) disabled and validated
--enable novalidate
SQL > alter table aa enable novalidate constraint SYS_C002829;
Table altered .
SQL > insert into aa select 2010 from dual;
insert into aa select 2010 from dual
*
ERROR at line 1 :
ORA - 00001 : unique constraint ( LYN . SYS_C002829) violated
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