Linux--performance tuning tools vmstat and iostat explain

Linux 中performance tuning工具vmstat 和iostat 的一點說明

用vmstat监视内存使用情况

  vmstat是Virtual Meomory Statistics(虚拟内存统计)的缩写,可对操作系统的虚拟内存、进程、CPU活动进行监视。它是对系统的整体情况进行统计,不足之处是无法对某个进程进行深入分析。

  vmstat的语法如下:
  vmstat [-V] [-n] [delay [count]]

  其中,-V表示打印出版本信息;-n表示在周期性循环输出时,输出的头部信息仅显示一次;delay是两次输出之间的延迟时间;count是指按照这个时间间隔统计的次数。对于vmstat输出各字段的含义,可运行man vmstat查看。

  用iostat监视I/O子系统情况

  iostat是I/O statistics(输入/输出统计)的缩写,iostat工具将对系统的磁盘操作活动进行监视。它的特点是汇报磁盘活动统计情况,同时也会汇报出CPU使用情况。同vmstat一样,iostat也有一个弱点,就是它不能对某个进程进行深入分析,仅对系统的整体情况进行分析。

  iostat的语法如下:

iostat [ -c | -d ] [ -k ] [ -t ] [ -V ] [ -x [ device ] ] [ interval  [ count ] ]

  其中,-c为汇报CPU的使用情况;-d为汇报磁盘的使用情况;-k表示每秒按kilobytes字节显示数据;-t为打印汇报的时间;-v表示打印出版本信息和用法;-x device指定要统计的设备名称,默认为所有的设备;interval指每次统计间隔的时间;count指按照这个时间间隔统计的次数。

  iostat一般的输出格式如下:

Linux 2.4.18-18smp (builder.linux.com)  2003年03月07日

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice    %sys   %idle
           4.81    0.01    1.03   94.15

Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
dev3-0           30.31      1117.68       846.52   16104536   12197374
dev3-1            7.06       229.61        40.40    3308486     582080
 
  对于输出中各字段的含义,iostat的帮助中有详细的说明。

来自 “ ITPUB博客 ” ,链接:http://blog.itpub.net/29987/viewspace-51810/,如需转载,请注明出处,否则将追究法律责任。

转载于:http://blog.itpub.net/29987/viewspace-51810/

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作者:Xiaohang Zhan,Ziwei Liu,Ping Luo,Xiaoou Tang,Chen Change Loy 摘要:Deep convolutional networks for semantic image segmentation typically require large-scale labeled data, e.g. ImageNet and MS COCO, for network pre-training. To reduce annotation efforts, self-supervised semantic segmentation is recently proposed to pre-train a network without any human-provided labels. The key of this new form of learning is to design a proxy task (e.g. image colorization), from which a discriminative loss can be formulated on unlabeled data. Many proxy tasks, however, lack the critical supervision signals that could induce discriminative representation for the target image segmentation task. Thus self-supervision's performance is still far from that of supervised pre-training. In this study, we overcome this limitation by incorporating a "mix-and-match" (M&M) tuning stage in the self-supervision pipeline. The proposed approach is readily pluggable to many self-supervision methods and does not use more annotated samples than the original process. Yet, it is capable of boosting the performance of target image segmentation task to surpass fully-supervised pre-trained counterpart. The improvement is made possible by better harnessing the limited pixel-wise annotations in the target dataset. Specifically, we first introduce the "mix" stage, which sparsely samples and mixes patches from the target set to reflect rich and diverse local patch statistics of target images. A "match" stage then forms a class-wise connected graph, which can be used to derive a strong triplet-based discriminative loss for fine-tuning the network. Our paradigm follows the standard practice in existing self-supervised studies and no extra data or label is required. With the proposed M&M approach, for the first time, a self-supervision method can achieve comparable or even better performance compared to its ImageNet pre-trained counterpart on both PASCAL VOC2012 dataset and CityScapes dataset.
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