Python操作MongoDB文档数据库

1.Pymongo 安装

安装pymongo:
pip install pymongo

  • PyMongo是驱动程序,使python程序能够使用Mongodb数据库,使用python编写而成;
2.Pymongo 方法
  • insert_one() :插入一条记录;

  • insert() :插入多条记录;

  • find_one() :查询一条记录,不带任何参数返回第一条记录,带参数则按条件查找返回;

  • find() :查询多条记录,不带参数返回所有记录,带参数按条件查找返回;

  • count() :查看记录总数;

  • create_index() :创建索引;

  • update_one() :更新匹配到的第一条数据;

  • update() :更新匹配到的所有数据;

  • remove() :删除记录,不带参表示删除全部记录,带参则表示按条件删除;

  • delete_one() :删除单条记录;

  • delete_many() :删除多条记录;

3.Pymongo 中的操作
  • 查看数据库

from pymongo import MongoClient
connect = MongoClient(host='localhost', port=27017, username="root", password="123456")
connect = MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017/', username="root", password="123456")
print(connect.list_database_names())

  • 获取数据库实例

test_db = connect['test']

  • 获取collection实例

collection = test_db['students']

  • 插入一行document, 查询一行document,取出一行document的值

from pymongo import MongoClient
from datetime import datetime
connect = MongoClient(host='localhost', port=27017, username="root", password="123456",)
# 获取db
test_db = connect['test']
# 获取collection
collection = test_db['students']
# 构建document
document = {"author": "Mike",  "text": "My first blog post!", "tags": ["mongodb", "python", "pymongo"], "date": datetime.now()}
# 插入document
one_insert = collection.insert_one(document=document)
print(one_insert.inserted_id)
# 通过条件过滤出一条document
one_result = collection.find_one({"author": "Mike"})
# 解析document字段
print(one_result, type(one_result))
print(one_result['_id'])
print(one_result['author'])
注意:如果需要通过id查询一行document,需要将id包装为ObjectId类的实例对象
from bson.objectid import ObjectId
collection.find_one({'_id': ObjectId('5c2b18dedea5818bbd73b94c')})

  • 插入多行documents, 查询多行document, 查看collections有多少行document

from pymongo import MongoClient
from datetime import datetime
connect = MongoClient(host='localhost', port=27017, username="root", password="123456",)
# 获取db
test_db = connect['test']
# 获取collection
collection = test_db['students']
documents = [{"author": "Mike","text": "Another post!","tags": ["bulk", "insert"], "date": datetime(2009, 11, 12, 11, 14)},
{"author": "Eliot", "title": "MongoDB is fun", "text": "and pretty easy too!", "date": datetime(2009, 11, 10, 10, 45)}]
collection.insert_many(documents=documents)
# 通过条件过滤出多条document
documents = collection.find({"author": "Mike"})
# 解析document字段
print(documents, type(documents))
print('*'*300)
for document in documents:
    print(document)
print('*'*300)
result = collection.count_documents({'author': 'Mike'})
print(result)

  • 范围比较查询

from pymongo import MongoClient
from datetime import datetime
connect = MongoClient(host='localhost', port=27017, username="root", password="123456",)
# 获取db
test_db = connect['test']
# 获取collection
collection = test_db['students']
# 通过条件过滤时间小于datetime(2019, 1,1,15,40,3) 的document
documents = collection.find({"date": {"$lt": datetime(2019, 1,1,15,40,3)}}).sort('date')
# 解析document字段
print(documents, type(documents))
print('*'*300)
for document in documents:
    print(document)

  • 创建索引

from pymongo import MongoClient
import pymongo
from datetime import datetime
connect = MongoClient(host='localhost', port=27017, username="root", password="123456",)
# 获取db
test_db = connect['test']
# 获取collection
collection = test_db['students']
# 创建字段索引
collection.create_index(keys=[("name", pymongo.DESCENDING)], unique=True)
# 查询索引
result = sorted(list(collection.index_information()))
print(result)

  • document修改

from pymongo import MongoClient
connect = MongoClient(host='localhost', port=27017, username="root", password="123456",)
# 获取db
test_db = connect['test']
# 获取collection
collection = test_db['students']
result = collection.update({'name': 'robby'}, {'$set': {"name": "Petter"}})
print(result)
注意:还有update_many()方法

  • document删除

from pymongo import MongoClient
connect = MongoClient(host='localhost', port=27017, username="root", password="123456",)
# 获取db
test_db = connect['test']
# 获取collection
collection = test_db['students']
result = collection.delete_one({'name': 'Petter'})
print(result.deleted_count)
注意:还有delete_many()方法

4.MongoDB ODM 详解
  • MongoDB ODM 与 Django ORM使用方法类似;

  • MongoEngine是一个对象文档映射器,用Python编写,用于处理MongoDB;

  • MongoEngine提供的抽象是基于类的,创建的所有模型都是类;


# 安装mongoengine
pip install mongoengine

  • mongoengine使用的字段类型

BinaryField
BooleanField
ComplexDateTimeField
DateTimeField
DecimalField
DictField
DynamicField
EmailField
EmbeddedDocumentField
EmbeddedDocumentListField
FileField
FloatField
GenericEmbeddedDocumentField
GenericReferenceField
GenericLazyReferenceField
GeoPointField
ImageField
IntField
ListField:可以将自定义的文档类型嵌套
MapField
ObjectIdField
ReferenceField
LazyReferenceField
SequenceField
SortedListField
StringField
URLField
UUIDField
PointField
LineStringField
PolygonField
MultiPointField
MultiLineStringField
MultiPolygonField

5.使用mongoengine创建数据库连接

from mongoengine import connect
conn = connect(db='test', host='localhost', port=27017, username='root', password='123456', authentication_source='admin')
print(conn)

connect(db = None,alias ='default',** kwargs );

  • db :要使用的数据库的名称,以便与connect兼容;

  • host :要连接的mongod实例的主机名;

  • port :运行mongod实例的端口;

  • username :用于进行身份验证的用户名;

  • password :用于进行身份验证的密码;

  • authentication_source :要进行身份验证的数据库;

构建文档模型,插入数据


from mongoengine import connect, \
                        Document, \
                        StringField,\
                        IntField, \
                        FloatField,\
                        ListField, \
                        EmbeddedDocumentField,\
                        DateTimeField, \
                        EmbeddedDocument
from datetime import datetime
# 嵌套文档
class Score(EmbeddedDocument):
    name = StringField(max_length=50, required=True)
    value = FloatField(required=True)
class Students(Document):
    choice =  (('F', 'female'),
               ('M', 'male'),)
    name = StringField(max_length=100, required=True, unique=True)
    age = IntField(required=True)
    hobby = StringField(max_length=100, required=True, )
    gender = StringField(choices=choice, required=True)
    # 这里使用到了嵌套文档,这个列表中的每一个元素都是一个字典,因此使用嵌套类型的字段
    score = ListField(EmbeddedDocumentField(Score))
    time = DateTimeField(default=datetime.now())
if __name__ == '__main__':
    connect(db='test', host='localhost', port=27017, username='root', password='123456', authentication_source='admin')
    math_score = Score(name='math', value=94)
    chinese_score = Score(name='chinese', value=100)
    python_score = Score(name='python', value=99)
    for i in range(10):
        students = Students(name='robby{}'.format(i), age=int('{}'.format(i)), hobby='read', gender='M', score=[math_score, chinese_score, python_score])
        students.save()

查询数据


from mongoengine import connect, \
                        Document, \
                        StringField,\
                        IntField, \
                        FloatField,\
                        ListField, \
                        EmbeddedDocumentField,\
                        DateTimeField, \
                        EmbeddedDocument
from datetime import datetime
# 嵌套文档
class Score(EmbeddedDocument):
    name = StringField(max_length=50, required=True)
    value = FloatField(required=True)
class Students(Document):
    choice =  (('F', 'female'),
               ('M', 'male'),)
    name = StringField(max_length=100, required=True, unique=True)
    age = IntField(required=True)
    hobby = StringField(max_length=100, required=True, )
    gender = StringField(choices=choice, required=True)
    # 这里使用到了嵌套文档,这个列表中的每一个元素都是一个字典,因此使用嵌套类型的字段
    score = ListField(EmbeddedDocumentField(Score))
    time = DateTimeField(default=datetime.now())
if __name__ == '__main__':
    connect(db='test', host='localhost', port=27017, username='root', password='123456', authentication_source='admin')
    first_document = Students.objects.first()
    all_document = Students.objects.all()
    # 如果只有一条,也可以使用get
    specific_document = Students.objects.filter(name='robby3')
    print(first_document.name, first_document.age, first_document.time)
    for document in all_document:
        print(document.name)
    for document in specific_document:
        print(document.name, document.age)

修改、更新、删除数据


from mongoengine import connect, \
                        Document, \
                        StringField,\
                        IntField, \
                        FloatField,\
                        ListField, \
                        EmbeddedDocumentField,\
                        DateTimeField, \
                        EmbeddedDocument
from datetime import datetime
# 嵌套文档
class Score(EmbeddedDocument):
    name = StringField(max_length=50, required=True)
    value = FloatField(required=True)
class Students(Document):
    choice =  (('F', 'female'),
               ('M', 'male'),)
    name = StringField(max_length=100, required=True, unique=True)
    age = IntField(required=True)
    hobby = StringField(max_length=100, required=True, )
    gender = StringField(choices=choice, required=True)
    # 这里使用到了嵌套文档,这个列表中的每一个元素都是一个字典,因此使用嵌套类型的字段
    score = ListField(EmbeddedDocumentField(Score))
    time = DateTimeField(default=datetime.now())
if __name__ == '__main__':
    connect(db='test', host='localhost', port=27017, username='root', password='123456', authentication_source='admin')
    specific_document = Students.objects.filter(name='robby3')
    specific_document.update(set__age=100)
    specific_document.update_one(set__age=100)
    for document in specific_document:
        document.name = 'ROBBY100'
        document.save()
    for document in specific_document:
        document.delete()

  • all() :返回所有文档;

  • all_fields() :包括所有字段;

  • as_pymongo() :返回的不是Document实例 而是pymongo值;

  • average() :平均值超过指定字段的值;

  • batch_size() :限制单个批次中返回的文档数量;

  • clone() :创建当前查询集的副本;

  • comment() :在查询中添加注释;

  • count() :计算查询中的选定元素;

  • create() :创建新对象,返回保存的对象实例;

  • delete() :删除查询匹配的文档;

  • distinct() :返回给定字段的不同值列表;

嵌入式文档查询的方法
  • count() :列表中嵌入文档的数量,列表的长度;

  • create() :创建新的嵌入式文档并将其保存到数据库中;

  • delete() :从数据库中删除嵌入的文档;

  • exclude(** kwargs ) :通过使用给定的关键字参数排除嵌入的文档来过滤列表;

  • first() :返回列表中的第一个嵌入文档;

  • get() :检索由给定关键字参数确定的嵌入文档;

  • save() :保存祖先文档;

  • update() :使用给定的替换值更新嵌入的文档;

参考: https://www.9xkd.com/user/plan-view.html?id=2253255600

来自 “ ITPUB博客 ” ,链接:http://blog.itpub.net/69908432/viewspace-2643763/,如需转载,请注明出处,否则将追究法律责任。

转载于:http://blog.itpub.net/69908432/viewspace-2643763/

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