什么是数据备份 数据保护技术| 第1部分

什么是数据备份？ (What Is Data Backup?)

The article is about computerized data security. You can share your knowledge with the date (s) according to the recommendations of relevant projects. In computing, the backup is the operation which is replicated and to secure the data contained in a computer system.

本文是关于计算机化数据安全性的。 您可以根据相关项目的建议与日期共享知识。 在计算中，备份是一种复制操作，用于保护计算机系统中包含的数据。

This term is close to two concepts:

这个术语接近两个概念：

• Registration data, which is the operation of writing data on an item record sustainable, such as a hard drive, memory stick, magnetic tapes, etc.
  注册数据是将数据写在可持续记录的项目上的操作，例如硬盘，记忆棒，磁带等。
• Archiving, which involves recording existing digital data on a magnetic or electronic media for legal or historical purpose.
  归档，涉及出于法律或历史目的将现有数字数据记录在磁性或电子媒体上。

The backup depends on a recording, but not necessarily for archival purposes.

备份取决于记录，但不一定出于存档目的。

备份-目的 (Backup — Purpose)

Copies or backups are safety features and are useful primarily for two things:

副本或备份是安全功能，主要用于两件事：

• The first and most obvious is to restore a computer system in an operational state following an incident (loss of storage media such as hard disk, tape, etc., or all or part of the data therein).
  首先也是最明显的是，在发生事件(存储介质(例如硬盘，磁带等)或其中的全部或部分数据丢失)后，将计算机系统恢复为可操作状态。
• The second part of the first but certainly is the most common, is to facilitate the restoration of part of a computer system (a file, a group of files, an operating system, any data in a file, etc.) after an accidental deletion or unwanted changes.
  第一部分的第二部分(但肯定是最常见的)是在意外删除后促进还原计算机系统的一部分(文件，一组文件，操作系统，文件中的任何数据等)。或不必要的更改。

The most common technique is the copy of data on a medium independent of the initial system (local computer, web hosting server, etc.).

最常见的技术是在独立于初始系统(本地计算机，Web托管服务器等)的介质上复制数据。

The reverse operation is to reuse the data stored is called a restoration. It speaks of “storage” for data stored awaiting eventual restoration.

反向操作是重用存储的数据，称为恢复。 它说的是等待最终恢复的已存储数据的“存储”。

备份–选择标准 (Backup – Selection criteria)

The choice of technique will save by taking into account:

通过考虑以下因素，可以节省技术选择：

• Capacity storage medium (the volume of information)
  容量存储介质(信息量)
• Backup speed,
  备份速度
• Reliability of the support (especially after a long period of storage),
  支持的可靠性(尤其是长时间存储后)，
• Ease of classification,
  易于分类，
• Easy to restore data,
  易于还原数据，
• And of course the cost of the whole.
  当然还有整个成本。

There is also the possibility to select data to save. Finally for large backup systems should take into account physical criteria: the physical volume of storage media, weight, sensitivity to temperature, humidity, dust, light, etc.

也可以选择要保存的数据。 最后，对于大型备份系统，应考虑物理标准：存储介质的物理体积，重量，对温度，湿度，灰尘，光线的敏感性等。

备份策略 (Backup Strategies)

The backup strategies are useful for every kind of data and for the duplication of data and other important digital files on your personal computing as well as on the web servers. The source and the target backup files consists the same information (computer digital data) and have the same goal (to protect information and help find it if it was lost), but backup methods are different for several reasons:

备份策略对于各种类型的数据以及您的个人计算以及Web服务器上的数据和其他重要数字文件的复制非常有用。 源和目标备份文件包含相同的信息(计算机数字数据)，并且具有相同的目标(保护信息并在丢失时帮助查找)，但是由于以下几种原因，备份方法不同：

• Data on the client are deemed less important than the data maintained on mainframe or back-end server;
  认为客户端上的数据不如大型机或后端服务器上维护的数据重要；
• Majority of the common end-users are less aware of the risk of loss of data than IT professionals;
  与IT专业人员相比，大多数普通最终用户对数据丢失风险的了解较少。
• They also have less training on technical safeguards;
  他们在技术保障方面的培训也较少；
• Technical means are less developed as a separate item on the server, although progress has been made in recent years (fall of cost / volume of backup media, simplified interfaces backup, backup without user intervention etc.).
  尽管近年来取得了一些进展(备份介质的成本/数量下降，简化的接口备份，无需用户干预的备份等)，但技术手段在服务器上作为独立项目的开发较少。

In fact the backup data for individual items remains marginal in the strategy of using computers. But businesses, widespread use of computers and shared network resources, a felt need for security has encouraged the development of backup tools on PCs, which earn little by little the world micro-computer personal.

实际上，在使用计算机的策略中，单个项目的备份数据仍然很少。 但是企业，计算机的广泛使用和共享的网络资源，对安全性的强烈需求促使人们开发了PC上的备份工具，这些备份工具逐渐使世界范围内的微型计算机个人受益。

备份服务器 (Backup server)

The backup part of a broader approach which is to ensure continuity of operations of a computer system or in case of failure, it restarts as soon as possible. This is often formalized in a document that can bear different names, such as the Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) or rescue plan, which uses either of automation (e.g., raising the alarm in case power failure or loss of access to a storage unit) or manual actions (e.g., replace defective tapes). The trend is toward automation, deemed safer in emergencies that manual operations.

较广泛方法的备份部分是确保计算机系统的操作连续性或在出现故障的情况下，它会尽快重新启动。 这通常在可以使用不同名称的文档中进行形式化处理，例如灾难恢复计划(DRP)或救援计划，该计划使用自动化(例如，在断电或无法访问存储单元的情况下发出警报)或手动操作(例如，更换有缺陷的磁带)。 趋势是自动化，在紧急情况下比手动操作更安全。

In terms of support, the servers have always needed supports high capacity storage. The tape has long been the principal vector because of its large capacity, low cost (compared to other media), its re-usability and its relative stability in time and wear. Then came the digital cartridges (tapes embedded in a plastic type DAT, DLT, SDLT, LTO, etc.), hard drives and more recently optical media, rewritable or not, such as CD-R or DVD-R formats similar.

在支持方面，服务器一直需要支持大容量存储。 由于其容量大，成本低(与其他介质相比)，可重复使用性以及时间和磨损的相对稳定性，该磁带长期以来一直是主要的载体。 然后是数字盒带(嵌入DAT，DLT，SDLT，LTO等塑料类型的盒带)，硬盘驱动器以及最近可重写或不可重写的光学介质，例如类似的CD-R或DVD-R格式。

备份客户端系统 (Backup client system)

During the years 1975-95, most users of personal computers (PCs) associated it mostly to the term “backup” to the making of copies on disk. With the development of micro-computers better equipped, personal users adopted more efficient media: optical discs (CD-ROM or DVD), USB. Similarly, computers have built-in backup increasingly sophisticated, for example:

在1975-95年间，大多数个人计算机(PC)用户将其主要与“备份”一词相关联，以制作磁盘上的副本。 随着装备精巧的微型计算机的发展，个人用户采用了更有效的媒体：光盘(CD-ROM或DVD)，USB。 同样，计算机具有越来越复杂的内置备份，例如：

• Built-in tools to the operating system such as “restore points” that can run before you install new software and that will put the system in the state before the installation if the user application;
  操作系统的内置工具，例如“还原点”，可以在安装新软件之前运行，并且在使用用户应用程序时将系统置于安装前的状态；
• Software capable of making a perfect image of the system at some point (image is called a “ghost,” referring to the software of the same name, “ghost”), this image will be stored on the computer itself or on external media.
  能够在某个时候为系统提供完美映像的软件(映像称为“ ghost”，指代同名软件“ ghost”)，该映像将存储在计算机本身或外部介质上。

Save the Internet!

保存互联网！

With the commoditization of broadband Internet connections and broadband, more and more users are using this type of backup service. We can distinguish two methods:

随着宽带Internet连接和宽带的商品化，越来越多的用户正在使用这种备份服务。 我们可以区分两种方法：

Online backup

在线备份

Today, copies of security called “online” [1] are becoming popular, they are to connect to a website called “hosts”, and transferring data. The advantages are many:

如今，称为“在线” [1]的安全性副本正变得越来越流行，它们将连接到名为“主机”的网站并传输数据。 优点很多：

• Minimize the risk of loss because the site is managed by a professional who is himself backups;
  由于站点由自己备份的专业人员管理，因此将丢失的风险降到最低；
• Access data from any computer connected to the Internet;
  从连接到Internet的任何计算机访问数据；
• Often the cost of this benefit is modest, sometimes even free for smaller backups.
  通常，此好处的成本适中，对于较小的备份有时甚至是免费的。

The major drawback is to leave its data available to a third party who may view them at leisure, modify, duplicate, publish, or dealing in, and even make them unavailable (bankruptcies, buyouts of sites by competitors, or trade dispute with the host). Of course, contract provisions controlling these risks are but they can not prevent the host of technically act maliciously. One parries consultation abuse is to encrypt / encode data.

主要缺点是将其数据提供给第三方，使他们可以随意查看，修改，复制，发布或交易，甚至使它们不可用(破产，竞争对手对网站的收购或与主机的贸易纠纷) )。 当然，控制这些风险的合同条款是可以的，但是它们不能防止许多技术上的恶意行为。 一种招架咨询滥用是加密/编码数据。

Another disadvantage is the limitations imposed on the storage or retrieval of data: to master the use of its records and its bandwidth, a host may limit by contract his client to a storage volume of data accessed or beyond which it blocks access to data.

另一个缺点是对数据的存储或检索施加了限制：为了掌握其记录的使用及其带宽，主机可能会通过与客户端签订合同来限制其客户端访问的数据存储量，或者超出该范围阻止访问数据。

备份-点对点(P2P) (Backup — Peer to peer (P2P))

Changes in the way of file exchange for some time make it possible to backup mode “Peer to Peer”. This technique relies on a collaborative or each service protects its data storage space of others.

一段时间以来，文件交换方式的变化使备份模式“点对点”成为可能。 此技术依赖于协作或每个服务保护其其他数据存储空间。

Continued…

继续…

翻译自: https://www.eukhost.com/blog/webhosting/what-is-data-backup-data-safeguard-technique-part-1/