基于linux的操作系统_一个Linux操作系统究竟是如何“基于”另一个Linux操作系统？...-CSDN博客

基于linux的操作系统

When reviewing different flavors of Linux, you’ll frequently come across phrases like “Ubuntu is based on Debian” but what exactly does that mean?

在回顾不同版本Linux时，您会经常遇到诸如“ Ubuntu基于Debian”的短语，但这到底是什么意思？

Today’s Question & Answer session comes to us courtesy of SuperUser—a subdivision of Stack Exchange, a community-driven grouping of Q&A web sites.

今天的“问答”环节由SuperUser提供，它是Stack Exchange的一个分支，该社区是由社区驱动的Q＆A网站分组。

问题 (The Question)

SuperUser reader PLPiper is trying to get a handle on how Linux variants work:

超级用户阅读器PLPiper试图了解Linux变体的工作方式：

I’ve been looking through quite a number of Linux distros recently to get an idea of what’s around, and one phrase that keeps coming up is that “[this OS] is based on [another OS]”. For example:

我最近一直在浏览许多Linux发行版，以了解周围的情况，并且不断出现的一句话是“ [此操作系统]基于[另一个操作系统]”。例如：

Fedora is based on Red Hat
Fedora基于Red Hat
Ubuntu is based on Debian
Ubuntu基于Debian
Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu
Linux Mint基于Ubuntu

For someone coming from a Mac environment I understand how “OS X is based on Darwin”, however when I look at Linux Distros, I find myself asking “Aren’t they all based on Linux..?”

对于来自Mac环境的人，我理解“ OS X是基于Darwin”的，但是当我看Linux Distros时，我发现自己问道：“它们都不都是基于Linux的吗？。”

In this context, what exactly does it mean for one Linux OS to be based on another Linux OS?

在这种情况下，一个Linux操作系统基于另一Linux操作系统到底意味着什么？

So, what exactly does it mean when we talk about one version of Linux being based off another version?

那么，当我们谈论一个版本Linux基于另一个版本时，这到底是什么意思？

答案 (The Answer)

SuperUser contributor kostix offers a solid overview of the whole system:

超级用户贡献者kostix全面介绍了整个系统：

Linux is a kernel — a (complex) piece of software which works with the hardware and exports a certain Application Programming Interface (API), and binary conventions on how to precisely use it (Application Binary Interface, ABI) available to the “user-space” applications.

Linux是内核，它是一种(复杂的)软件，可以与硬件一起使用并导出特定的应用程序编程接口(API)，以及有关如何精确使用它的二进制约定(应用程序二进制接口，ABI)供“用户-空间”应用程序。

Debian, RedHat and others are operating systems — complete software environments which consist of the kernel and a set of user-space programs which make the computer useful as they perform sensible tasks (sending/receiving mail, allowing you to browse the Internet, driving a robot etc).

Debian，RedHat和其他操作系统是完整的软件环境，它由内核和一组用户空间程序组成，这些程序使计算机在执行明智的任务(发送/接收邮件，允许您浏览Internet，驱动程序，机器人等)。

Now each such OS, while providing mostly the same software (there are not so many free mail server programs or Internet browsers or desktop environments, for example) differ in approaches to do this and also in their stated goals and release cycles.

现在，每个这样的OS在提供几乎相同的软件(例如，免费邮件服务器程序或Internet浏览器或台式机环境不多)的同时，执行此方法的方式也有所不同，而且其既定目标和发布周期也有所不同。

Quite typically these OSes are called “distributions”. This is, IMO, a somewhat wrong term stemming from the fact you’re technically able to build all the required software by hand and install it on a target machine, so these OSes distribute the packaged software so you either don’t need to build it (Debian, RedHat) or they facilitate such building (Gentoo). They also usually provide an installer which helps to install the OS onto a target machine.

这些操作系统通常被称为“发行版”。这是IMO，这是一个错误的术语，因为您在技术上能够手动构建所有必需的软件并将其安装在目标计算机上，因此这些OS 分发了打包的软件，因此您无需构建(Debian，RedHat)还是它们促进了这种构建(Gentoo)。他们通常还会提供安装程序，以帮助将操作系统安装到目标计算机上。

Making and supporting an OS is a very complicated task requiring a complex and intricate infrastructure (upload queues, build servers, a bug tracker, and archive servers, mailing list software etc etc etc) and staff. This obviously raises a high barrier for creating a new, from-scratch OS. For instance, Debian provides ca. 37k packages for some five hardware architectures — go figure how much work is put into supporting this stuff.

制作和支持操作系统是一项非常复杂的任务，需要复杂而复杂的基础架构(上传队列，构建服务器，错误跟踪器和存档服务器，邮件列表软件等)，以及员工。显然，这为创建新的，从零开始的操作系统带来了很大的障碍。例如，Debian提供了ca。用于约五种硬件体系结构的37k软件包—来计算支持这些东西需要投入多少工作。

Still, if someone thinks they need to create a new OS for whatever reason, it may be a good idea to use an existing foundation to build on. And this is exactly where OSes based on other OSes come into existence. For instance, Ubuntu builds upon Debian by just importing most packages from it and repackaging only a small subset of them, plus packaging their own, providing their own artwork, default settings, documentation etc.

但是，如果有人认为出于任何原因需要创建新的OS，则最好使用现有的基础进行构建。这正是基于其他操作系统的操作系统应运而生的地方。例如，Ubuntu通过从Debian导入大多数软件包并仅重新打包其中的一小部分，再打包它们自己，提供自己的插图，默认设置，文档等，在Debian上进行构建。

Note that there are variations to this “based on” thing. For instance, Debian fosters the creation of “pure blends” of itself: distributions which use Debian rather directly, and just add a bunch of packages and other stuff only useful for rather small groups of users such as those working in education or medicine or music industry etc.

请注意，这种“基于”的事物有所不同。例如，Debian促进了自身的“纯混合”的创建：发行版直接使用Debian，仅添加了一堆软件包和其他东西，这些东西只对相当一部分用户有用，例如从事教育，医学或音乐工作的用户工业等

Another twist is that not all these OSes are based on Linux. For instance, Debian also provide FreeBSD and Hurd kernels. They have quite tiny user groups but anyway.

另一个问题是，并非所有这些操作系统都基于Linux。例如，Debian还提供FreeBSD和Hurd内核。他们的用户组很小，但无论如何。

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