在Linux中，什么是/ etc / passwd文件？-CSDN博客

/etc/passwd in Linux is a file that stores the list of users on the system along with important information regarding these users. Identifying users uniquely is essential and necessary at the time of login. /etc/passwd is used by Linux system at the time of login. The file should be readable by all users but write permission should only belong to the root user.

Linux中的/ etc / passwd是一个文件，用于存储系统上的用户列表以及有关这些用户的重要信息。登录时唯一地标识用户是必不可少的。 / etc / passwd在登录时由Linux系统使用。该文件应为所有用户可读，但写许可权应仅属于root用户。

了解/ etc / passwd文件 (Understanding the /etc/passwd file)

To view the contents of the file use cat command.

要查看文件的内容，请使用cat命令。


$ cat /etc/passwd

The output will look something like this. Here each line represents a user. Each user has a list of parameters separated by ‘:’

输出将如下所示。每行代表一个用户。每个用户都有一个用“：”分隔的参数列表

The seven fields are :

七个字段是：

Login name
登录名
Encrypted Password
加密密码
UID number
UID号
GID number
GID号码
GECOS
GECOS
Home directory
主目录
Login shell
登录外壳

Let’s see what each of them mean :

让我们看看它们各自的含义：

Login name: The unique name given to a user. It is case sensitive.
登录名 ：给用户的唯一名称。区分大小写。
Encrypted Password: This field is for the encrypted password. However, in most modern Linux systems, the password is stored in a shadow file named /etc/shadow. The ‘x’ in the second field represents that the password is stored in a shadow file.
加密密码 ：此字段用于加密密码。但是，在大多数现代Linux系统中，密码存储在名为/ etc / shadow的影子文件中。第二个字段中的“ x”表示密码存储在影子文件中。
UID number: A unique ID assigned for each user. The system identifies a user by its UID number. The root user gets UID 0 which is reserved. UID 1-99 are reserved for predefined accounts. These are also called fake logins. In most Linux systems UID for new users starts from 1000.
UID号 ：为每个用户分配的唯一ID。系统通过其UID号标识用户。根用户获得保留的UID 0。 UID 1-99保留用于预定义帐户。这些也称为假登录。在大多数Linux系统中，新用户的UID从1000开始。
GID number: GID is used to identify the group user belongs to. Information about groups is stored in /etc/group file. In Linux, a user can belong in up to 16 groups.
GID号 ：GID用于标识组用户所属。有关组的信息存储在/ etc / group文件中。在Linux中，一个用户最多可以属于16个组。
GECOS: stands for General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor. This field allows the admin to store additional information about the user. This field can have multiple entries in a comma-delimited list. Information such as full name, phone number, the designation can be stored in this field.
GECOS ：代表通用电气综合运营主管。该字段允许管理员存储有关用户的其他信息。该字段在逗号分隔列表中可以有多个条目。姓名，电话号码，名称等信息可以存储在此字段中。
Home directory: This field contains the absolute path to the user’s home directory. When a user logs in, the system puts him/her directly in his/her home directory.
主目录：此字段包含用户主目录的绝对路径。用户登录后，系统会将其直接放置在其主目录中。
Login shell: This field is for specifying the program that will run automatically whenever the user logs in. It’s typically a command interpreter (shell).
登录外壳程序 ：此字段用于指定用户登录时将自动运行的程序。它通常是命令解释器（外壳程序）。

创建一个用户 (Create a user )

We can use the useradd command to create a new user. Make sure to run the command with root access.

我们可以使用useradd命令创建一个新用户。确保以root用户访问权限运行命令。


$ useradd Adam

This creates a user by the name Adam.

这将创建一个名为Adam的用户。

修改GECOS字段 (Modify GECOS field)

To modify the GECOS field for Adam, use usermod command.

要修改Adam的GECOS字段，请使用usermod命令。


$ usermod -c "DevOp expert" Adam

显示特定用户的条目 (Display entry for a particular user)

From the etc/passwd file to get the entry for a single user use grep command.

使用grep命令从etc / passwd文件获取单个用户的条目。


$ grep Adam /etc/passwd

As we can see that GECOS field has been successfully updated for user Adam.

如我们所见，GECOS字段已成功为用户Adam更新。

We break the values into their respective fields :

我们将值分为各自的字段：

Login name: Adam
登录名： Adam
Encrypted Password: x (shadow file)
加密密码： x （影子文件）
UID number: 1001
UID号： 1001
GID number: 1002
GID号： 1002
GECOS: DevOp expert
GECOS： DevOp专家
Home directory: /home/Adam
主目录： / home / Adam
Login shell: /bin/sh
登录shell： / bin / sh

结尾词 (Ending words)

As a Linux administrator, it is important to know the /etc/passwd file at the back of your hand. Understand what each field means and keep a track of users on the system. To learn more about /etc/passwd file refer to this Wikipedia page for passwd command.

作为Linux管理员，了解手背的/ etc / passwd文件非常重要。了解每个字段的含义，并跟踪系统上的用户。要了解有关/ etc / passwd文件的更多信息，请参阅Wikipedia页面上的passwd命令。