In this tutorial, we’ll be discussing the LiveData architectural component in our Android Application.
For a better understanding of this tutorial, do take a quick detour to Android ViewModel.
在本教程中，我们将讨论Android应用程序中的LiveData体系结构组件。
为了更好地理解本教程，请快速绕过Android ViewModel 。
Android LiveData (Android LiveData)
LiveData is a part of the architecture patterns. It’s basically a data holder that contains primitive/collection types. It’s used for observing changes in the view and updating the view when it is ACTIVE. Thus, LiveData is lifecycle aware.
LiveData是体系结构模式的一部分。 它基本上是一个包含基本类型/集合类型的数据持有者。 它用于观察视图中的更改并在活动状态下更新视图。 因此，LiveData是生命周期感知的。
We know that ViewModels are used to communicate the data to the View. Using ViewModels alone can be a tedious and costly operation since we need to make multiple calls each time the data has to alter the View. Plus we need to store the data Model at different places.
我们知道ViewModel用于将数据传递给View。 单独使用ViewModels可能是一项繁琐且昂贵的操作，因为每次数据必须更改View时，我们都需要进行多次调用。 另外，我们需要将数据模型存储在不同的位置。
LiveData is based on the Observer Pattern and makes the communication between the ViewModel and View easy.
LiveData基于观察者模式 ，使ViewModel和View之间的通信变得容易。
It observes for data changes and updates the data automatically instead of us doing multiple calls in adding and deleting data references from multiple places (for example SQLite, ArrayList, ViewModel).
它观察数据更改并自动更新数据，而不是我们从多个位置添加和删除数据引用（例如SQLite ， ArrayList ，ViewModel）进行多次调用。
Android LiveData与RxJava (Android LiveData vs RxJava)
Android LiveData is somewhat similar to RxJava except that LiveData is lifecycle aware.
Android LiveData在某种程度上类似于RxJava，只是LiveData具有生命周期感知能力。
It won’t update your data in the view if the View is in the background. This helps us in avoiding exceptions like IllegalStateException etc.
如果视图在后台，它将不会更新视图中的数据。 这有助于我们避免IllegalStateException等异常。
How does our LiveData in the ViewModel update the Activity?
When we register the Observer in our Activity, we need to override the method onChanged(). The method onChanged() would get trigger whenever the LiveData is changed. Thus in the onChanged(), we can update the changed LiveData onto the View.
ViewModel中的LiveData如何更新活动？
当我们在Activity中注册Observer时，我们需要重写onChanged()方法。 每当更改LiveData时，方法onChanged（）都会被触发。 因此，在onChanged() ，我们可以将更改后的LiveData更新到视图上。
LiveData notifies the observer using setValue() and postValue().
LiveData使用setValue()和postValue()通知观察者。
setValue() runs on the main thread.
setValue()在主线程上运行。
postValue() runs on the background thread.
postValue()在后台线程上运行。
Invoking getValue() on the LiveData type instance would return you the current data.
在LiveData类型实例上调用getValue()将返回您当前的数据。
MutableLiveData (MutableLiveData)
MutableLiveData is just a class that extends the LiveData type class.
MutableLiveData只是扩展LiveData类型类的类。
MutableLiveData is commonly used since it provides the postValue(), setValue() methods publicly, something that LiveData class doesn’t provide.
由于postValue()公开提供了postValue() ， setValue()方法，因此通常被使用，而LiveData类则不提供这种方法。
LiveData/MutableLiveData is commonly used in updating data in a RecyclerView from a collection type(List, ArrayList etc).
LiveData / MutableLiveData通常用于从集合类型（ List ，ArrayList等）更新RecyclerView中的数据。
In the following section, we’ll create an application that adds/deletes rows in a RecyclerView from the SQLite Database. We’ll use MutableLiveData that updates the RecyclerView records whenever the LiveData changes.
在以下部分中，我们将创建一个应用程序，该应用程序从SQLite数据库添加/删除RecyclerView中的行。 每当LiveData更改时，我们将使用MutableLiveData来更新RecyclerView记录。
We’ll use DiffUtil to update the minimum number of RecyclerView row by comparing the old and new ArrayList.
通过比较新旧ArrayList，我们将使用DiffUtil更新RecyclerView行的最小数量。
Android LiveData示例项目结构 (Android LiveData Example Project Structure)
Add the following in your build.gradle file:
在build.gradle文件中添加以下内容：
implementation 'com.android.support:design:27.1.1'
implementation 'com.android.support:cardview-v7:27.1.1'
implementation 'android.arch.lifecycle:extensions:1.1.1'Android LiveData代码 (Android LiveData Code)
The code for the activity_main.xml layout is given below:
下面给出了activity_main.xml布局的代码：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<android.support.design.widget.CoordinatorLayout xmlns:android="https://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="https://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="https://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
<android.support.design.widget.AppBarLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme.AppBarOverlay">
<android.support.v7.widget.Toolbar
android:id="@+id/toolbar"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="?attr/actionBarSize"
android:background="?attr/colorPrimary"
app:popupTheme="@style/AppTheme.PopupOverlay" />
</android.support.design.widget.AppBarLayout>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="https://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
app:layout_behavior="@string/appbar_scrolling_view_behavior">
<android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
android:id="@+id/recyclerView"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" />
</RelativeLayout>
<android.support.design.widget.FloatingActionButton
android:id="@+id/fab"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="bottom|end"
android:layout_margin="@dimen/fab_margin"
app:srcCompat="@android:drawable/ic_input_add" />
</android.support.design.widget.CoordinatorLayout>The code for the list_item_row.xml layout is given below:
下面给出了list_item_row.xml布局的代码：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<android.support.v7.widget.CardView xmlns:android="https://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<RelativeLayout
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:padding="8dp"
android:gravity="center_vertical">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/tvUrl"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
android:autoLink="web"
android:padding="8dp"
android:textColor="@android:color/black"
android:textSize="20sp" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/tvDate"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
android:layout_below="@+id/tvUrl" />
<ImageButton
android:id="@+id/btnDelete"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
android:layout_centerVertical="true"
android:src="@android:drawable/ic_menu_delete" />
</RelativeLayout>
</android.support.v7.widget.CardView>The code for DbSettings.java class is given below:
DbSettings.java类的代码如下：
package com.journaldev.androidlivedata.db;
import android.provider.BaseColumns;
public class DbSettings {
public static final String DB_NAME = "favourites.db";
public static final int DB_VERSION = 1;
public class DBEntry implements BaseColumns {
public static final String TABLE = "fav";
public static final String COL_FAV_URL = "url";
public static final String COL_FAV_DATE = "date";
}
}The code for FavouritesDbHelper.java class is given below:
下面给出了FavouritesDbHelper.java类的代码：
package com.journaldev.androidlivedata.db;
import android.content.Context;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
public class FavouritesDBHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
public FavouritesDBHelper(Context context) {
super(context, DbSettings.DB_NAME, null, DbSettings.DB_VERSION);
}
@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
String createTable = "CREATE TABLE " + DbSettings.DBEntry.TABLE + " ( " +
DbSettings.DBEntry._ID + " INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, " +
DbSettings.DBEntry.COL_FAV_URL + " TEXT NOT NULL, " +
DbSettings.DBEntry.COL_FAV_DATE + " INTEGER NOT NULL);";
db.execSQL(createTable);
}
@Override
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + DbSettings.DBEntry.TABLE);
onCreate(db);
}
}The code for Favourites.java model class is given below:
下面给出了Favourites.java模型类的代码：
package com.journaldev.androidlivedata;
public class Favourites {
public long mId;
public String mUrl;
public long mDate;
public Favourites(long id, String name, long date) {
mId = id;
mUrl = name;
mDate = date;
}
public Favourites(Favourites favourites) {
mId = favourites.mId;
mUrl = favourites.mUrl;
mDate = favourites.mDate;
}
}So in our SQLite database we create a Table with three records : ID, URL, DATE.
因此，在我们SQLite数据库中，我们创建了一个包含三个记录的表：ID，URL，DATE。
The code for FavouritesViewModel.java class is given below:
下面给出了FavouritesViewModel.java类的代码：
package com.journaldev.androidlivedata;
import android.app.Application;
import android.arch.lifecycle.AndroidViewModel;
import android.arch.lifecycle.MutableLiveData;
import android.content.ContentValues;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
import com.journaldev.androidlivedata.db.DbSettings;
import com.journaldev.androidlivedata.db.FavouritesDBHelper;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class FavouritesViewModel extends AndroidViewModel {
private FavouritesDBHelper mFavHelper;
private MutableLiveData<List<Favourites>> mFavs;
FavouritesViewModel(Application application) {
super(application);
mFavHelper = new FavouritesDBHelper(application);
}
public MutableLiveData<List<Favourites>> getFavs() {
if (mFavs == null) {
mFavs = new MutableLiveData<>();
loadFavs();
}
return mFavs;
}
private void loadFavs() {
List<Favourites> newFavs = new ArrayList<>();
SQLiteDatabase db = mFavHelper.getReadableDatabase();
Cursor cursor = db.query(DbSettings.DBEntry.TABLE,
new String[]{
DbSettings.DBEntry._ID,
DbSettings.DBEntry.COL_FAV_URL,
DbSettings.DBEntry.COL_FAV_DATE
},
null, null, null, null, null);
while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
int idxId = cursor.getColumnIndex(DbSettings.DBEntry._ID);
int idxUrl = cursor.getColumnIndex(DbSettings.DBEntry.COL_FAV_URL);
int idxDate = cursor.getColumnIndex(DbSettings.DBEntry.COL_FAV_DATE);
newFavs.add(new Favourites(cursor.getLong(idxId), cursor.getString(idxUrl), cursor.getLong(idxDate)));
}
cursor.close();
db.close();
mFavs.setValue(newFavs);
}
public void addFav(String url, long date) {
SQLiteDatabase db = mFavHelper.getWritableDatabase();
ContentValues values = new ContentValues();
values.put(DbSettings.DBEntry.COL_FAV_URL, url);
values.put(DbSettings.DBEntry.COL_FAV_DATE, date);
long id = db.insertWithOnConflict(DbSettings.DBEntry.TABLE,
null,
values,
SQLiteDatabase.CONFLICT_REPLACE);
db.close();
List<Favourites> favourites = mFavs.getValue();
ArrayList<Favourites> clonedFavs;
if (favourites == null) {
clonedFavs = new ArrayList<>();
} else {
clonedFavs = new ArrayList<>(favourites.size());
for (int i = 0; i < favourites.size(); i++) {
clonedFavs.add(new Favourites(favourites.get(i)));
}
}
Favourites fav = new Favourites(id, url, date);
clonedFavs.add(fav);
mFavs.setValue(clonedFavs);
}
public void removeFav(long id) {
SQLiteDatabase db = mFavHelper.getWritableDatabase();
db.delete(
DbSettings.DBEntry.TABLE,
DbSettings.DBEntry._ID + " = ?",
new String[]{Long.toString(id)}
);
db.close();
List<Favourites> favs = mFavs.getValue();
ArrayList<Favourites> clonedFavs = new ArrayList<>(favs.size());
for (int i = 0; i < favs.size(); i++) {
clonedFavs.add(new Favourites(favs.get(i)));
}
int index = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < clonedFavs.size(); i++) {
Favourites favourites = clonedFavs.get(i);
if (favourites.mId == id) {
index = i;
}
}
if (index != -1) {
clonedFavs.remove(index);
}
mFavs.setValue(clonedFavs);
}
}MutableLiveData holds a List of Favourite instance objects. In the addFav() and removeFav() we notify data changes to the Observer that’s defined in MainActivity.
MutableLiveData拥有一个收藏夹实例对象列表。 在addFav()和removeFav()我们将数据更改通知给MainActivity中定义的Observer。
We create a copy of the ArrayList in order to compare the old and new one.
我们创建ArrayList的副本，以便比较新旧副本。
The code for MainActivity.java class is given below:
MainActivity.java类的代码如下：
package com.journaldev.androidlivedata;
import android.arch.lifecycle.Observer;
import android.arch.lifecycle.ViewModelProviders;
import android.content.DialogInterface;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
import android.support.design.widget.FloatingActionButton;
import android.support.v7.app.AlertDialog;
import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.support.v7.util.DiffUtil;
import android.support.v7.widget.LinearLayoutManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.ImageButton;
import android.widget.TextView;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
private FavAdapter mFavAdapter;
private FavouritesViewModel mFavViewModel;
private List<Favourites> mFav;
FloatingActionButton fab;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
fab = findViewById(R.id.fab);
final RecyclerView recyclerView = findViewById(R.id.recyclerView);
recyclerView.setLayoutManager(new LinearLayoutManager(this));
mFavViewModel = ViewModelProviders.of(this).get(FavouritesViewModel.class);
final Observer<List<Favourites>> favsObserver = new Observer<List<Favourites>>() {
@Override
public void onChanged(@Nullable final List<Favourites> updatedList) {
if (mFav == null) {
mFav = updatedList;
mFavAdapter = new FavAdapter();
recyclerView.setAdapter(mFavAdapter);
} else {
DiffUtil.DiffResult result = DiffUtil.calculateDiff(new DiffUtil.Callback() {
@Override
public int getOldListSize() {
return mFav.size();
}
@Override
public int getNewListSize() {
return updatedList.size();
}
@Override
public boolean areItemsTheSame(int oldItemPosition, int newItemPosition) {
return mFav.get(oldItemPosition).mId ==
updatedList.get(newItemPosition).mId;
}
@Override
public boolean areContentsTheSame(int oldItemPosition, int newItemPosition) {
Favourites oldFav = mFav.get(oldItemPosition);
Favourites newFav = updatedList.get(newItemPosition);
return oldFav.equals(newFav);
}
});
result.dispatchUpdatesTo(mFavAdapter);
mFav = updatedList;
}
}
};
fab.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
final EditText inUrl = new EditText(MainActivity.this);
AlertDialog dialog = new AlertDialog.Builder(MainActivity.this)
.setTitle("New favourite")
.setMessage("Add a url link below")
.setView(inUrl)
.setPositiveButton("Add", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
String url = String.valueOf(inUrl.getText());
long date = (new Date()).getTime();
mFavViewModel.addFav(url, date);
}
})
.setNegativeButton("Cancel", null)
.create();
dialog.show();
}
});
mFavViewModel.getFavs().observe(this, favsObserver);
}
public class FavAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<FavAdapter.FavViewHolder> {
@Override
public FavViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
View itemView = LayoutInflater.from(parent.getContext()).inflate(R.layout.list_item_row, parent, false);
return new FavViewHolder(itemView);
}
@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(FavViewHolder holder, int position) {
Favourites favourites = mFav.get(position);
holder.mTxtUrl.setText(favourites.mUrl);
holder.mTxtDate.setText((new Date(favourites.mDate).toString()));
}
@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return mFav.size();
}
class FavViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {
TextView mTxtUrl;
TextView mTxtDate;
FavViewHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
mTxtUrl = itemView.findViewById(R.id.tvUrl);
mTxtDate = itemView.findViewById(R.id.tvDate);
ImageButton btnDelete = itemView.findViewById(R.id.btnDelete);
btnDelete.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
int pos = getAdapterPosition();
Favourites favourites = mFav.get(pos);
mFavViewModel.removeFav(favourites.mId);
}
});
}
}
}
}In the above code, we’ve defined the ReyclerView Adapter class in the Activity itself.
在上面的代码中，我们在Activity本身中定义了ReyclerView Adapter类。
mFavViewModel.getFavs().observe(this, favsObserver); is used to set an Observer in the MainActivity that’ll be notified from the ViewModel class whenever the LiveData is updated.
mFavViewModel.getFavs().observe(this, favsObserver); 用于在MainActivity中设置一个Observer，每当LiveData更新时，ViewModel类都会通知该Observer。
The favsObserver anonymous class consists of the onChanged() method which provides the latest data which is then updated int the RecyclerView.
favsObserver匿名类由onChanged()方法组成，该方法提供最新数据，然后在RecyclerView中进行更新。
The output of the above application in action is given below.
下面给出了上面应用程序的输出。
This brings an end to Android LiveData tutorial. You can download the project from the link below.
Android LiveData教程到此结束。 您可以从下面的链接下载项目。
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