操作系统类型有哪些_操作系统类型

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最新推荐文章于 2024-08-26 16:50:35 发布

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原文链接：https://www.studytonight.com/operating-system/types-of-os

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操作系统类型有哪些

Following are some of the most widely used types of Operating system.

以下是一些最广泛使用的操作系统类型。

Simple Batch System
简单批处理系统
Multiprogramming Batch System
多程序批处理系统
Multiprocessor System
多处理器系统
Desktop System
桌面系统
Distributed Operating System
分布式操作系统
Clustered System
集群系统
Realtime Operating System
实时操作系统
Handheld System
手持系统

简单批处理系统 (Simple Batch Systems)

In this type of system, there is no direct interaction between user and the computer.
在这种类型的系统中， 用户与计算机之间没有直接交互 。
The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer operator.
用户必须将作业(写在卡或磁带上)提交给计算机操作员。
Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on an input device.
然后计算机操作员在输入设备上放置一批作业。
Jobs are batched together by type of languages and requirement.
作业按语言类型和要求一起批处理。
Then a special program, the monitor, manages the execution of each program in the batch.
然后，一个特殊的程序(监视器)管理批处理中每个程序的执行。
The monitor is always in the main memory and available for execution.
监视器始终位于主存储器中，并且可以执行。

简单批处理系统的优点 (Advantages of Simple Batch Systems)

No interaction between user and computer.
用户和计算机之间没有交互。
No mechanism to prioritise the processes.
没有确定流程优先顺序的机制。

多程序批处理系统 (Multiprogramming Batch Systems)

In this the operating system picks up and begins to execute one of the jobs from memory.
这样，操作系统就会启动并开始从内存执行作业之一。
Once this job needs an I/O operation operating system switches to another job (CPU and OS always busy).
一旦需要此作业，I / O操作系统就会切换到另一个作业(CPU和OS总是很忙)。
Jobs in the memory are always less than the number of jobs on disk(Job Pool).
内存中的作业始终少于磁盘(作业池)上的作业数。
If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, then the system chooses which one to run through the process of CPU Scheduling.
如果准备好同时运行多个作业，那么系统将选择要在CPU调度过程中运行的作业。
In Non-multiprogrammed system, there are moments when CPU sits idle and does not do any work.
在非多程序系统中，有时会出现CPU闲置而无法执行任何工作的情况。
In Multiprogramming system, CPU will never be idle and keeps on processing.
在Multiprogramming系统中，CPU将永远不会处于空闲状态并继续处理。

Time Sharing Systems are very similar to Multiprogramming batch systems. In fact time sharing systems are an extension of multiprogramming systems.

分时系统与多程序批处理系统非常相似。实际上，分时系统是多程序系统的扩展。

In Time sharing systems the prime focus is on minimizing the response time, while in multiprogramming the prime focus is to maximize the CPU usage.

在分时系统中，主要重点是最小化响应时间 ，而在多程序编程中，主要重点是最大化CPU使用率。

多处理器系统 (Multiprocessor Systems)

A Multiprocessor system consists of several processors that share a common physical memory. Multiprocessor system provides higher computing power and speed. In multiprocessor system all processors operate under single operating system. Multiplicity of the processors and how they do act together are transparent to the others.

多处理器系统由共享公用物理内存的多个处理器组成。多处理器系统提供了更高的计算能力和速度。在多处理器系统中，所有处理器都在单个操作系统下运行。处理器的多样性以及它们如何共同发挥作用对其他厂商都是透明的。

多处理器系统的优势 (Advantages of Multiprocessor Systems)

Enhanced performance
增强性能
Execution of several tasks by different processors concurrently, increases the system's throughput without speeding up the execution of a single task.
通过不同的处理器同时执行多个任务，可以提高系统的吞吐量，而不会加快单个任务的执行速度。
If possible, system divides task into many subtasks and then these subtasks can be executed in parallel in different processors. Thereby speeding up the execution of single tasks.
如果可能，系统将任务划分为许多子任务，然后可以在不同的处理器中并行执行这些子任务。从而加快了单个任务的执行速度。

桌面系统 (Desktop Systems)

Earlier, CPUs and PCs lacked the features needed to protect an operating system from user programs. PC operating systems therefore were neither multiuser nor multitasking. However, the goals of these operating systems have changed with time; instead of maximizing CPU and peripheral utilization, the systems opt for maximizing user convenience and responsiveness. These systems are called Desktop Systems and include PCs running Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh. Operating systems for these computers have benefited in several ways from the development of operating systems for mainframes.

早期，CPU和PC缺少保护操作系统免受用户程序侵害的功能。因此，PC操作系统既不是多用户也不是多 任务处理 。但是，这些操作系统的目标已随时间而改变。系统没有最大化CPU和外围设备的利用率，而是选择最大化用户的便利性和响应能力。这些系统称为台式机系统 ，包括运行Microsoft Windows和Apple Macintosh PC。这些计算机的操作系统已从大型机操作系统的开发中以多种方式受益。

Microcomputers were immediately able to adopt some of the technology developed for larger operating systems. On the other hand, the hardware costs for microcomputers are sufficiently low that individuals have sole use of the computer, and CPU utilization is no longer a prime concern. Thus, some of the design decisions made in operating systems for mainframes may not be appropriate for smaller systems.

微型计算机立即能够采用为大型操作系统开发的某些技术。另一方面，微型计算机的硬件成本足够低，以至于个人只能使用计算机，而CPU利用率不再是主要问题。因此，在操作系统中针对大型机做出的某些设计决策可能不适用于较小的系统。

分布式操作系统 (Distributed Operating System)

The motivation behind developing distributed operating systems is the availability of powerful and inexpensive microprocessors and advances in communication technology.

开发分布式操作系统的动机是功能强大且价格便宜的微处理器的可用性以及通信技术的进步。

These advancements in technology have made it possible to design and develop distributed systems comprising of many computers that are inter connected by communication networks. The main benefit of distributed systems is its low price/performance ratio.

这些技术上的进步使得设计和开发分布式系统成为可能，该分布式系统包括通过通信网络相互连接的许多计算机。分布式系统的主要优点是其低的性价比。

优势分布式操作系统 (Advantages Distributed Operating System)

As there are multiple systems involved, user at one site can utilize the resources of systems at other sites for resource-intensive tasks.
由于涉及多个系统，因此一个站点的用户可以将其他站点的系统资源用于资源密集型任务。
Fast processing.
快速处理。
Less load on the Host Machine.
主机上的负载更少。

分布式操作系统的类型 (Types of Distributed Operating Systems)

Following are the two types of distributed operating systems used:

以下是使用的两种类型的分布式操作系统：

Client-Server Systems
客户端-服务器系统
Peer-to-Peer Systems
点对点系统

客户端-服务器系统 (Client-Server Systems)

Centralized systems today act as server systems to satisfy requests generated by client systems. The general structure of a client-server system is depicted in the figure below:

如今， 集中式系统充当服务器系统来满足客户端系统生成的请求。客户-服务器系统的一般结构如下图所示：

Server Systems can be broadly categorized as: Compute Servers and File Servers.

服务器系统大致可分为： 计算服务器和文件服务器 。

Compute Server systems, provide an interface to which clients can send requests to perform an action, in response to which they execute the action and send back results to the client.
Compute Server系统提供了一个接口，客户端可以向该接口发送执行操作的请求，以响应它们执行操作并将结果发送回客户端。
File Server systems, provide a file-system interface where clients can create, update, read, and delete files.
文件服务器系统 ，提供了文件系统接口，客户端可以在其中创建，更新，读取和删除文件。

点对点系统 (Peer-to-Peer Systems)

The growth of computer networks - especially the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) – has had a profound influence on the recent development of operating systems. When PCs were introduced in the 1970s, they were designed for personal use and were generally considered standalone computers. With the beginning of widespread public use of the Internet in the 1990s for electronic mail and FTP, many PCs became connected to computer networks.

计算机网络的增长，尤其是Internet和万维网(WWW)，对操作系统的最新发展产生了深远的影响。当PC在1970年代问世时，它们是为个人使用而设计的，通常被认为是独立计算机。随着1990年代互联网开始广泛用于电子邮件和FTP，许多PC连接到计算机网络。

In contrast to the Tightly Coupled systems, the computer networks used in these applications consist of a collection of processors that do not share memory or a clock. Instead, each processor has its own local memory. The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines. These systems are usually referred to as loosely coupled systems ( or distributed systems). The general structure of a client-server system is depicted in the figure below:

与紧密耦合系统相反，这些应用程序中使用的计算机网络由不共享内存或时钟的处理器集合组成。相反，每个处理器都有自己的本地内存。处理器通过各种通信线路(例如高速总线或电话线)相互通信。这些系统通常称为松耦合系统(或分布式系统)。客户-服务器系统的一般结构如下图所示：

集群系统 (Clustered Systems)

Like parallel systems, clustered systems gather together multiple CPUs to accomplish computational work.
与并行系统一样，群集系统将多个CPU聚集在一起以完成计算工作。
Clustered systems differ from parallel systems, however, in that they are composed of two or more individual systems coupled together.
群集系统与并行系统不同，但是，它们由耦合在一起的两个或多个单独的系统组成。
The definition of the term clustered is not concrete; the general accepted definition is that clustered computers share storage and are closely linked via LAN networking.
聚类一词的定义并不具体； 通常公认的定义是群集计算机共享存储，并通过LAN网络紧密链接。
Clustering is usually performed to provide high availability.
通常执行群集以提供高可用性 。
A layer of cluster software runs on the cluster nodes. Each node can monitor one or more of the others. If the monitored machine fails, the monitoring machine can take ownership of its storage, and restart the application(s) that were running on the failed machine. The failed machine can remain down, but the users and clients of the application would only see a brief interruption of service.
群集软件层在群集节点上运行。每个节点可以监视一个或多个其他节点。如果受监视的计算机发生故障，则监视的计算机可以拥有其存储的所有权，然后重新启动在故障计算机上运行的应用程序。发生故障的计算机可以保持关闭状态，但是应用程序的用户和客户端只会看到短暂的服务中断。
Asymmetric Clustering - In this, one machine is in hot standby mode while the other is running the applications. The hot standby host (machine) does nothing but monitor the active server. If that server fails, the hot standby host becomes the active server.
非对称群集-在这种情况下，一台计算机处于热待机模式，而另一台计算机正在运行应用程序。热备用主机(计算机)除了监视活动服务器外什么也不做。如果该服务器发生故障，则热备用主机将成为活动服务器。
Symmetric Clustering - In this, two or more hosts are running applications, and they are monitoring each other. This mode is obviously more efficient, as it uses all of the available hardware.
对称群集-在这种情况下，两个或多个主机正在运行应用程序，并且它们彼此监视。这种模式显然会更有效，因为它使用了所有可用的硬件。
Parallel Clustering - Parallel clusters allow multiple hosts to access the same data on the shared storage. Because most operating systems lack support for this simultaneous data access by multiple hosts, parallel clusters are usually accomplished by special versions of software and special releases of applications.
并行群集-并行群集允许多个主机访问共享存储上的相同数据。由于大多数操作系统都缺乏对多个主机同时进行数据访问的支持，因此并行集群通常通过特殊版本的软件和特殊版本的应用程序来完成。

Clustered technology is rapidly changing. Clustered system's usage and it's features should expand greatly as Storage Area Networks(SANs). SANs allow easy attachment of multiple hosts to multiple storage units. Current clusters are usually limited to two or four hosts due to the complexity of connecting the hosts to shared storage.

集群技术正在Swift变化。集群系统的用途及其功能应随着存储区域网络(SAN)的发展而大大扩展。通过SAN，可以轻松地将多个主机连接到多个存储单元。由于将主机连接到共享存储的复杂性，当前群集通常限于两到四个主机。

实时操作系统 (Real Time Operating System)

It is defined as an operating system known to give maximum time for each of the critical operations that it performs, like OS calls and interrupt handling.

它被定义为一种已知的操作系统，可以为其执行的每个关键操作(例如OS调用和中断处理)提供最大的时间。

The Real-Time Operating system which guarantees the maximum time for critical operations and complete them on time are referred to as Hard Real-Time Operating Systems.

保证关键操作的最长时间并按时完成这些操作的实时操作系统称为“ 硬实时操作系统”。

While the real-time operating systems that can only guarantee a maximum of the time, i.e. the critical task will get priority over other tasks, but no assurity of completeing it in a defined time. These systems are referred to as Soft Real-Time Operating Systems.

虽然实时操作系统只能保证最大的时间，即关键任务将比其他任务具有优先权，但不能保证在定义的时间内完成任务。这些系统称为软实时操作系统 。

手持系统 (Handheld Systems)

Handheld systems include Personal Digital Assistants(PDAs), such as Palm-Pilots or Cellular Telephones with connectivity to a network such as the Internet. They are usually of limited size due to which most handheld devices have a small amount of memory, include slow processors, and feature small display screens.

手持式系统包括个人数字助理(PDA) ，例如与网络(例如Internet)连接的Palm-Pilots或Cellular Telephones 。它们通常尺寸有限，这是因为大多数手持设备的内存量很小，包括速度较慢的处理器，并且显示屏较小。

Many handheld devices have between 512 KB and 8 MB of memory. As a result, the operating system and applications must manage memory efficiently. This includes returning all allocated memory back to the memory manager once the memory is no longer being used.
许多手持设备具有512 KB到8 MB的内存。因此，操作系统和应用程序必须有效地管理内存。这包括一旦不再使用内存，就将所有分配的内存返回给内存管理器。
Currently, many handheld devices do not use virtual memory techniques, thus forcing program developers to work within the confines of limited physical memory.
当前，许多手持设备不使用虚拟内存技术，从而迫使程序开发人员在有限的物理内存范围内工作。
Processors for most handheld devices often run at a fraction of the speed of a processor in a PC. Faster processors require more power. To include a faster processor in a handheld device would require a larger battery that would have to be replaced more frequently.
大多数手持设备的处理器运行速度通常仅为PC处理器的一小部分。速度更快的处理器需要更多功率 。要在手持设备中包括更快的处理器，将需要更大的电池 ，因此必须更频繁地更换电池。
The last issue confronting program designers for handheld devices is the small display screens typically available. One approach for displaying the content in web pages is web clipping, where only a small subset of a web page is delivered and displayed on the handheld device.
手持设备的程序设计人员面临的最后一个问题是通常可用的小显示屏。在网页中显示内容的一种方法是网页剪辑 ，其中仅一小部分网页被传递并显示在手持设备上。

Some handheld devices may use wireless technology such as BlueTooth, allowing remote access to e-mail and web browsing. Cellular telephones with connectivity to the Internet fall into this category. Their use continues to expand as network connections become more available and other options such as cameras and MP3 players, expand their utility.

一些手持设备可能使用诸如蓝牙之类的无线技术，从而允许远程访问电子邮件和浏览网页。可以连接到Internet的蜂窝电话属于此类。随着网络连接变得越来越可用，它们的用途不断扩大，并且其他选项(例如cameras和MP3 players )也扩大了其实用性。