Java 14记录（预览）-CSDN博客

The article was initially published at carloschac.in

🏁 Records 💾

记录是Java语言中一种新型的类型声明。像一个枚举，一种记录 is a restricted form of class. It declares its representation and commits to an API that matches that representation. 记录s give up a freedom that classes usually enjoy: the ability to decouple API from representation. In return, 记录s gain a significant degree of concision.

记录具有名称和状态描述。状态描述声明记录的组成部分。（可选）记录具有正文。例如：

record Point(int x, int y) { }

Let's get started

⬇️ Download OpenJDK 14.0.1

🚥 Set the JAVA_HOME to point to the downloaded JDK 14

$ export JAVA_HOME=/path/to/jdk14
$ export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH

🚀 Writing our first Java Record 💾

public record Person(
    String firstName,
    String lastName,
    String address,
    LocalDate birthday,
    List<String> achievements) {
}

💻 Compile it with `javac`

$ javac --enable-preview -source 14 Person.java

💻 Compile it with `maven`

为您的编译器插件添加以下配置pom.xml

<plugin>
    <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.8.1</version>
    <configuration>
        <release>14</release>
        <compilerArgs>--enable-preview</compilerArgs>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

$ mvn compile

🚧 What's generated by the compiler?

$ javap -p Person.class

public final class Person extends java.lang.Record {
  private final java.lang.String firstName;
  private final java.lang.String lastName;
  private final java.lang.String address;
  private final java.time.LocalDate birthday;
  private final java.util.List<java.lang.String> achievements;
  public Person(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.time.LocalDate, java.util.List<java.lang.String>);
  public java.lang.String toString();
  public final int hashCode();
  public final boolean equals(java.lang.Object);
  public java.lang.String firstName();
  public java.lang.String lastName();
  public java.lang.String address();
  public java.time.LocalDate birthday();
  public java.util.List<java.lang.String> achievements();
}

因为记录在语义上声称是其数据的简单，透明持有者，所以记录会自动获取许多标准成员：

状态描述每个组成部分的私有最终字段；状态描述的每个元素的公共读取访问器方法，具有与组件相同的名称和类型；一个公共构造函数，其签名与状态描述相同，该构造函数根据相应的参数初始化每个字段；equals和hashCode的实现，如果两个记录属于相同的类型并且包含相同的状态，则表示两个记录相等。和toString的实现，其中包括所有记录组件的字符串表示形式及其名称。

⚠️ Shallowly Immutable Data

Similarly to the tests that we did in the article Immutables/AutoValue/Lombok Which One? where we check the default behavior in terms of immutability for those libraries, with the below test we demonstrate the statement mentioned in the JEP 359: Records:

记录提供了用于声明类的紧凑语法，这些类是透明的持有人浅不变的数据。

📐 Test Immutability

@Test
void immutability() {
    // Create a mutable list with 1 element
    var achievements1 = new ArrayList<String>();
    achievements1.add("Speaker");
    achievements1.add("Blogger");
    var achievements2 = List.of("Speaker", "Blogger");


    // Create person 1, assigning the list1
    var person1 = new Person(
            "John",
            "Doe",
            "USA",
            LocalDate.of(1990, 11, 11),
            achievements1
    );

    // Create person 2, assigning the list2
    var person2 = new Person(
            "John",
            "Doe",
            "USA",
            LocalDate.of(1990, 11, 11),
            achievements2
    );

    // Compare the 2 objects
    // Test passes since the fields contain the same values
    assertThat(person1).isEqualTo(person2);

    // Mutate the list used on Model 1
    achievements1.add("AnotherValue");

    // Compare the 2 objects:
    // - PASSES objects are NOT EQUAL for Records 😮 🔴
    assertThat(person1).isNotEqualTo(person2);
}

当使用签名中具有可变数据类型的记录或数据类型是接口时，有两种方法可以确保不变性，并且我们不确定实现方式，即java.util.Date要么java.util.List

1）在记录的构造函数中创建数据类型的安全副本。 2）创建记录时仅传递不可变的对象。

🔆 Conclusions

✅记录可以将多行代码简化为一个代码行。✅With JDK 14, we can prescind of using some code generation libraries to minimize boilerplate code.✅A great option for:🔝树节点🔝DTO🔝复合地图键🔝留言🔝价值包装🔝歧视实体⚠️记录只是浅层不可变，这意味着如果我们要保证不变性，就必须考虑传递给它们的数据类型。⚠️记录是预览语言功能，在JDK中还不是标准。