异步编程概述

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最新推荐文章于 2024-03-03 21:02:28 发布

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文章标签：编程 asynchronous thread integer string class

使用 .NET 异步编程，在程序继续执行的同时对 .NET 类方法进行调用，直到进行指定的回调为止；或者如果没有提供回调，则直到对调用的阻塞、轮询或等待完成为止。例如，一个程序可以调用一个方法，该方法枚举一个较大的列表，同时主程序将继续执行。在完成枚举后，进行回调并由程序对它进行寻址。

异步编程是由 .NET Framework 的许多区域支持的功能，这些区域包括：

文件 IO、流 IO、套接字 IO
网络：HTTP、TCP
远程处理信道（HTTP、TCP）和代理
使用 ASP.NET 创建的 XML Web services
ASP.NET Web 窗体
使用 MessageQueue 类的消息队列
异步委托

本节内容

异步编程概述

提供代码示例，演示异步调用普通同步方法的四种方式。

异步编程设计模式

讨论异步设计模式，这些设计模式提供有效和一致的编程模型来处理异步操作。

异步委托

描述异步委托，这些异步委托提供以异步方式调用同步方法的能力。

测试方法和异步委托

四个示例全部使用同一个长期运行的测试方法 TestMethod。该方法显示一个表明它已开始处理的控制台信息，休眠几秒钟，然后结束。TestMethod 有一个 out 参数（在 Visual Basic 中为 <Out> ByRef），它演示了如何将这些参数添加到 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke 的签名中。您可以用类似的方式处理 ref 参数（在 Visual Basic 中为 ByRef）。

下面的代码示例显示 TestMethod 以及代表 TestMethod 的委托；若要使用任一示例，请将示例代码追加到这段代码中。

注意为了简化这些示例， TestMethod 在独立于 Main() 的类中声明。或者， TestMethod 可以是包含 Main() 的同一类中的 static 方法（在 Visual Basic 中为 Shared）。

[Visual Basic]
Imports System
Imports System.Threading
Imports System.Runtime.InteropServices 

Public Class AsyncDemo 
    ' The method to be executed asynchronously.
    '
    Public Function TestMethod(ByVal callDuration As Integer, _
            <Out> ByRef threadId As Integer) As String
        Console.WriteLine("Test method begins.")
        Thread.Sleep(callDuration)
        threadId = AppDomain.GetCurrentThreadId()
        return "MyCallTime was " + callDuration.ToString()
    End Function
End Class

' The delegate must have the same signature as the method
' you want to call asynchronously.
Public Delegate Function AsyncDelegate(ByVal callDuration As Integer, _
    <Out> ByRef threadId As Integer) As String
[C#]
using System;
using System.Threading; 

public class AsyncDemo {
    // The method to be executed asynchronously.
    //
    public string TestMethod(int callDuration, out int threadId) {
        Console.WriteLine("Test method begins.");
        Thread.Sleep(callDuration);
        threadId = AppDomain.GetCurrentThreadId();
        return "MyCallTime was " + callDuration.ToString();
    }
}

// The delegate must have the same signature as the method
// you want to call asynchronously.
public delegate string AsyncDelegate(int callDuration, out int threadId);

使用 EndInvoke 等待异步调用

异步执行方法的最简单方式是以 BeginInvoke 开始，对主线程执行一些操作，然后调用 EndInvoke。EndInvoke 直到异步调用完成后才返回。这种技术非常适合文件或网络操作，但是由于它阻塞 EndInvoke，所以不要从用户界面的服务线程中使用它。

[Visual Basic]
Public Class AsyncMain 
    Shared Sub Main() 
        ' The asynchronous method puts the thread id here.
        Dim threadId As Integer

        ' Create an instance of the test class.
        Dim ad As New AsyncDemo()

        ' Create the delegate.
        Dim dlgt As New AsyncDelegate(AddressOf ad.TestMethod)
   
        ' Initiate the asynchronous call.
        Dim ar As IAsyncResult = dlgt.BeginInvoke(3000, _
            threadId, Nothing, Nothing)

        Thread.Sleep(0)
        Console.WriteLine("Main thread {0} does some work.", _
             AppDomain.GetCurrentThreadId())

        ' Call EndInvoke to Wait for the asynchronous call to complete,
        ' and to retrieve the results.
        Dim ret As String = dlgt.EndInvoke(threadId, ar)

        Console.WriteLine("The call executed on thread {0}, with return value ""{1}"".", threadId, ret)
    End Sub
End Class
[C#]
public class AsyncMain {
    static void Main(string[] args) {
        // The asynchronous method puts the thread id here.
        int threadId;

        // Create an instance of the test class.
        AsyncDemo ad = new AsyncDemo();

        // Create the delegate.
        AsyncDelegate dlgt = new AsyncDelegate(ad.TestMethod);
   
        // Initiate the asychronous call.
        IAsyncResult ar = dlgt.BeginInvoke(3000, 
            out threadId, null, null);

        Thread.Sleep(0);
        Console.WriteLine("Main thread {0} does some work.",
            AppDomain.GetCurrentThreadId());

        // Call EndInvoke to Wait for the asynchronous call to complete,
        // and to retrieve the results.
        string ret = dlgt.EndInvoke(out threadId, ar);

        Console.WriteLine("The call executed on thread {0}, with return value /"{1}/".", threadId, ret);
    }
}

使用 WaitHandle 等待异步调用

等待 WaitHandle 是一项常用的线程同步技术。您可以使用由 BeginInvoke 返回的 IAsyncResult 的 AsyncWaitHandle 属性来获取 WaitHandle。异步调用完成时会发出 WaitHandle 信号，而您可以通过调用它的 WaitOne 等待它。

如果您使用 WaitHandle，则在异步调用完成之后，但在通过调用 EndInvoke 检索结果之前，可以执行其他处理。

[Visual Basic]
Public Class AsyncMain 
    Shared Sub Main() 
        ' The asynchronous method puts the thread id here.
        Dim threadId As Integer

        ' Create an instance of the test class.
        Dim ad As New AsyncDemo()

        ' Create the delegate.
        Dim dlgt As New AsyncDelegate(AddressOf ad.TestMethod)
   
        ' Initiate the asynchronous call.
        Dim ar As IAsyncResult = dlgt.BeginInvoke(3000, 
            threadId, Nothing, Nothing)

        Thread.Sleep(0)
        Console.WriteLine("Main thread {0} does some work.",
            AppDomain.GetCurrentThreadId())

        ' Wait for the WaitHandle to become signaled.
        ar.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne()

        ' Perform additional processing here.
        ' Call EndInvoke to retrieve the results.
        Dim ret As String = dlgt.EndInvoke(threadId, ar)

        Console.WriteLine("The call executed on thread {0}, with return value ""{1}"".", threadId, ret)
    End Sub
End Class
[C#]
public class AsyncMain {
    static void Main(string[] args) {
        // The asynchronous method puts the thread id here.
        int threadId;

        // Create an instance of the test class.
        AsyncDemo ad = new AsyncDemo();

        // Create the delegate.
        AsyncDelegate dlgt = new AsyncDelegate(ad.TestMethod);
   
        // Initiate the asychronous call.
        IAsyncResult ar = dlgt.BeginInvoke(3000, 
            out threadId, null, null);

        Thread.Sleep(0);
        Console.WriteLine("Main thread {0} does some work.",
            AppDomain.GetCurrentThreadId());

        // Wait for the WaitHandle to become signaled.
        ar.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne();

        // Perform additional processing here.
        // Call EndInvoke to retrieve the results.
        string ret = dlgt.EndInvoke(out threadId, ar);

        Console.WriteLine("The call executed on thread {0}, with return value /"{1}/".", threadId, ret);
    }
}

轮询异步调用完成

您可以使用由 BeginInvoke 返回的 IAsyncResult 的 IsCompleted 属性来发现异步调用何时完成。从用户界面的服务线程中进行异步调用时可以执行此操作。轮询完成允许用户界面线程继续处理用户输入。

[Visual Basic]
Public Class AsyncMain 
    Shared Sub Main() 
        ' The asynchronous method puts the thread id here.
        Dim threadId As Integer

        ' Create an instance of the test class.
        Dim ad As New AsyncDemo()

        ' Create the delegate.
        Dim dlgt As New AsyncDelegate(AddressOf ad.TestMethod)
   
        ' Initiate the asynchronous call.
        Dim ar As IAsyncResult = dlgt.BeginInvoke(3000, 
            threadId, Nothing, Nothing)

        ' Poll while simulating work.
        While ar.IsCompleted = False
            Thread.Sleep(10)
        End While

        ' Call EndInvoke to retrieve the results.
        Dim ret As String = dlgt.EndInvoke(threadId, ar)

        Console.WriteLine("The call executed on thread {0}, with return value ""{1}"".", threadId, ret)
    End Sub
End Class
[C#]
public class AsyncMain {
    static void Main(string[] args) {
        // The asynchronous method puts the thread id here.
        int threadId;

        // Create an instance of the test class.
        AsyncDemo ad = new AsyncDemo();

        // Create the delegate.
        AsyncDelegate dlgt = new AsyncDelegate(ad.TestMethod);
   
        // Initiate the asychronous call.
        IAsyncResult ar = dlgt.BeginInvoke(3000, 
            out threadId, null, null);

        // Poll while simulating work.
        while(ar.IsCompleted == false) {
            Thread.Sleep(10);
        }

        // Call EndInvoke to retrieve the results.
        string ret = dlgt.EndInvoke(out threadId, ar);

        Console.WriteLine("The call executed on thread {0}, with return value /"{1}/".", threadId, ret);
    }
}

异步调用完成时执行回调方法

如果启动异步调用的线程不需要处理调用结果，则可以在调用完成时执行回调方法。回调方法在 ThreadPool 线程上执行。

要使用回调方法，必须将代表该方法的 AsyncCallback 委托传递给 BeginInvoke。也可以传递包含回调方法将要使用的信息的对象。例如，可以传递启动调用时曾使用的委托，以便回调方法能够调用 EndInvoke。

[Visual Basic]
Public Class AsyncMain 
    ' The asynchronous method puts the thread id here.
    Private Shared threadId As Integer
    
    Shared Sub Main() 
        ' Create an instance of the test class.
        Dim ad As New AsyncDemo()

        ' Create the delegate.
        Dim dlgt As New AsyncDelegate(AddressOf ad.TestMethod)
   
        ' Initiate the asynchronous call.
        Dim ar As IAsyncResult = dlgt.BeginInvoke(3000, _
            threadId, _
            AddressOf CallbackMethod, _
            dlgt)

        Console.WriteLine("Press Enter to close application.")
        Console.ReadLine()
    End Sub

    ' Callback method must have the same signature as the
    ' AsyncCallback delegate.
    Shared Sub CallbackMethod(ByVal ar As IAsyncResult)
        ' Retrieve the delegate.
        Dim dlgt As AsyncDelegate = CType(ar.AsyncState, AsyncDelegate)

        ' Call EndInvoke to retrieve the results.
        Dim ret As String = dlgt.EndInvoke(threadId, ar)

        Console.WriteLine("The call executed on thread {0}, with return value ""{1}"".", threadId, ret)
    End Sub
End Class
[C#]
public class AsyncMain {
    // Asynchronous method puts the thread id here.
    private static int threadId;

    static void Main(string[] args) {
        // Create an instance of the test class.
        AsyncDemo ad = new AsyncDemo();

        // Create the delegate.
        AsyncDelegate dlgt = new AsyncDelegate(ad.TestMethod);
   
        // Initiate the asychronous call.  Include an AsyncCallback
        // delegate representing the callback method, and the data
        // needed to call EndInvoke.
        IAsyncResult ar = dlgt.BeginInvoke(3000,
            out threadId, 
            new AsyncCallback(CallbackMethod),
            dlgt );

        Console.WriteLine("Press Enter to close application.");
        Console.ReadLine();
    }
    
    // Callback method must have the same signature as the
    // AsyncCallback delegate.
    static void CallbackMethod(IAsyncResult ar) {
        // Retrieve the delegate.
        AsyncDelegate dlgt = (AsyncDelegate) ar.AsyncState;

        // Call EndInvoke to retrieve the results.
        string ret = dlgt.EndInvoke(out threadId, ar);

        Console.WriteLine("The call executed on thread {0}, with return value /"{1}/".", threadId, ret);
    }
}

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异步编程概述

使用 .NET 异步编程，在程序继续执行的同时对 .NET 类方法进行调用，直到进行指定的回调为止；或者如果没有提供回调，则直到对调用的阻塞、轮询或等待完成为止。例如，一个程序可以调用一个方法，该方法枚举一个较大的列表，同时主程序将继续执行。在完成枚举后，进行回调并由程序对它进行寻址。异步编程是由 .NET Framework 的许多区域支持的功能，这些区域包括：文件 IO、
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