Objective-C中的NSString/NSMutableString类似MFC中的CString，封装了字符串的日常基本操作。
1.创建初始化（Initialization&Creation）
1.1 常量字符串（literal string）
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NSString*constString = @
"Hello, World!"
;
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变量constString并不是真正包含一个字符串对象，而指向内存中字符串对象的指针（地址），我们称之为对象标识符。
以下示例中，字面量@“Hello, World!”存储在文字常量区。指针constString1和constString2都指向它，它们在编译时生成的真实类型是NSConstantString(继承关系链——:NSSimpleCString:NSString)。
Objective-C里没有包或者命名空间，靠前缀来区分，NS是“NeXTSTEP”的缩写。
CF是“CoreFoundation”的缩写。CFString可以看做是NSString的C底层实现。
Foundation库（Foundation.framework/Foundation.h）是有Cocoa框架提供的基本数据管理和服务功能的Objective-C接口，而Core Foundation库 (CoreFoundation.framework/CoreFoundation.h) 则是Cocoa底层实现，提供了C语言层面的接口。
以下介绍不可变字符串两种初始化创建方法。
After an immutable string has been initialized in the following way, it cannot be modified.
1.2 Initializing an String(NS_DESIGNATED_INITIALIZER)
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- (instancetype)init NS_DESIGNATED_INITIALIZER;
- (instancetype)initWithCoder:(NSCoder*)aDecoder NS_DESIGNATED_INITIALIZER;
// 从UNICODE C String中选取定长字符初始化NSString对象
- (instancetype)initWithCharacters:(const unichar*)characters length:(NSUInteger)length;
// 从UTF8 C String初始化NSString对象
- (instancetype)initWithUTF8String:(const char*)nullTerminatedCString;
// 从C String初始化NSString对象，指定编码格式。
- (instancetype)initWithCString:(const char*)nullTerminatedCString encoding:(NSStringEncoding)encoding;
// 从另一个NSString初始化新的NSString对象
- (instancetype)initWithString:(NSString*)aString;
// 从NSData指定编码格式初始化NSString对象
- (instancetype)initWithData:(NSData*)data encoding:(NSStringEncoding)encoding;
// 从C Buffer指定编码格式初始化NSString对象
- (instancetype)initWithBytes:(const void*)bytes length:(NSUInteger)len encoding:(NSStringEncoding)encoding;
// 可变参格式化初始化NSString对象
- (instancetype)initWithFormat:(NSString*)format, ... NS_FORMAT_FUNCTION(1,2);
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比较常用的有以下几个：
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// 从UTF8 C String初始化NSString对象
- (instancetype)initWithUTF8String:(constchar *)nullTerminatedCString;
// 从C String初始化NSString对象，指定编码格式（例如NSUTF8StringEncoding）。
- (instancetype)initWithCString:(constchar *)nullTerminatedCString encoding:(NSStringEncoding)encoding;
// 从C Buffer指定编码格式初始化NSString对象
- (instancetype)initWithBytes:(constvoid *)bytes length:(NSUInteger)len encoding:(NSStringEncoding)encoding;
// 可变参格式化初始化NSString对象
- (instancetype)initWithFormat:(NSString *)format, ...NS_FORMAT_FUNCTION(1,2);
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示例：
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//NSString* string = [[NSString alloc] initWithFormat:@"Hello, %s","World!"];
NSString* string = [[NSString alloc] initWithFormat:@
"Hello, %@"
, @
"World!"
];
NSLog(@
"string= %@"
, string);
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关于格式化规范，参考String Format Specifiers。
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%@：OC对象描述（description）。
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%d/%D：带符号32位整数（int），NSInteger：%ld，size_t：%zd。
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%u/%U：无符号32位整数（unsigned int），NSUInteger：%lu。
-
%o/%O：无符号32位整数（unsigned int）的八进制格式。
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%x/%X：无符号32位整数（unsigned int）的十六进制格式。
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%c：8位无符号字符（unsigned char）。如果非ASCII码则以八进制“\\ddd”或十六进制“\\udddd”格式显示字符值。
-
%C：16位UNICODE字符（unichar）。如果非ASCII码则以八进制“\\ddd”或十六进制“\\udddd”格式显示字符值。
-
%f：64位浮点数（double）
1.3 Creating an String(autorelease)
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// 创建一个字符串独享，其值为空
+ (instancetype)string;
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示例：
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NSString* constString = @
""
;
NSString* string = [NSString string];
BOOL bPointerEqual = constString==string;
// NO
BOOL bContentEqualTo = [constString isEqualTo:string];
// YES
BOOLbEqualToString = [constString isEqualToString:string];
// YES
以下是一些便利构造方法：
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// initWithString对应的类方法
+ (instancetype)stringWithString:(NSString *)string;
// initWithCString:encoding对应的类方法
+ (instancetype)stringWithCString:(const charchar *)cString encoding:(NSStringEncoding)enc;
// initWithCharacters:length: 对应的类方法
+ (instancetype)stringWithCharacters:(const unichar *)characters length:(NSUInteger)length;
// initWithUTF8String对应的类方法
+ (instancetype)stringWithUTF8String:(const charchar *)nullTerminatedCString;
// initWithFormat对应的类方法
+ (instancetype)stringWithFormat:(NSString *)format, ... NS_FORMAT_FUNCTION(1,2);
+ (instancetype)localizedStringWithFormat:(NSString *)format, ... NS_FORMAT_FUNCTION(1,2);
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比较常用的有以下几个：
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// initWithCString:encoding对应的类方法
+ (instancetype)stringWithCString:(constchar *)cString encoding:(NSStringEncoding)enc;
// initWithUTF8String对应的类方法
+ (instancetype)stringWithUTF8String:(constchar *)nullTerminatedCString;
// initWithFormat对应的类方法
+ (instancetype)stringWithFormat:(NSString *)format, ...NS_FORMAT_FUNCTION(1,2);
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2.访问字符串（Querying）
2.1 字符串长度（字符数组大小）
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// Thenumber of Unicode characters in the receiver.
@property (readonly) NSUInteger length;
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示例：
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NSString* constString1 = nil;
NSString* constString2 = @
""
;
NSString* constString3 = @
"Hello, World!"
;
NSString* constString4 = @
"哈喽,世界!"
;
// 汉字+半角标点混合
NSLog(@
"constString1[size,length] = [%zd, %zd]"
, sizeof(constString1),constString1.length);
// [8,0]
NSLog(@
"constString2[size,length] = [%zd, %zd]"
, sizeof(constString2),constString2.length);
// [8,0]
NSLog(@
"constString3[size,length] = [%zd, %zd]"
, sizeof(constString3),constString3.length);
// [8,13]
NSLog(@
"constString4[size,length] = [%zd, %zd]"
, sizeof(constString4),constString4.length);
// [8,6]
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以上可知string.length可用来判空：如果length为零，则表示字符串对象为nil或为不包含任何字符。
2.2 字符（字符数组元素）
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// 获取指定索引位置/范围的字符（集）
- (unichar)characterAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index;
- (void)getCharacters:(unichar *)buffer range:(NSRange)aRange;
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示例：
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unichar ch = [constString3 characterAtIndex:7];
NSLog(@
"ch = %c"
, ch);
// W
unichar* cBuf = malloc(sizeof(unichar)*constString3.length);
[constString3 getCharacters:cBuf];
NSString* stringFromCharacters1 = [[NSString alloc] initWithCharacters:cBuf length:constString3.length];
NSLog(@
"stringFromCharacters1 = %@"
, stringFromCharacters1);
// @"Hello, World!"
[stringFromCharacters1 release];
[constString3 getCharacters:cBuf range:NSMakeRange(7, 6)];
NSString* stringFromCharacters2 = [NSString stringWithCharacters:cBuf length:constString3.length];
NSLog(@
"stringFromCharacters2 = %@"
, stringFromCharacters2);
// @"World! World!"
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2.3 取C String
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//Convenience to return null-terminated UTF8 representation
@property (readonly) __strong const charchar *UTF8String NS_RETURNS_INNER_POINTER;
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2.4 取字面值
类似cstdlib中的atoi/atol/strtol/atof。
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/* convenience methods all skip initial space characters (whitespaceSet)and ignore trailing characters.
NSScanner can be used for more"exact" parsing of numbers. */
@property (readonly) double doubleValue;
@property (readonly) float floatValue;
@property (readonly) int intValue;
@property (readonly) NSInteger integerValue NS_AVAILABLE(10_5, 2_0);
@property (readonly) long long longLongValue NS_AVAILABLE(10_5, 2_0);
@property (readonly) BOOL boolValue NS_AVAILABLE(10_5, 2_0);
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2.5 大小写转换
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// 所有字符转换成大写
@property (readonly, copy) NSString *uppercaseString;
// 所有字符转换成小写
@property (readonly, copy) NSString *lowercaseString;
// 每个单词首字母大写，其余字母小写。
@property (readonly, copy) NSString *capitalizedString;
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3.查询字符串（Finding）
3.1 查询子串
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// 返回查找到包含子串的范围
- (NSRange)rangeOfString:(NSString *)aString;
// 返回查找到包含子串的范围，可指定查询选项（忽略大小写、逆序）
- (NSRange)rangeOfString:(NSString *)aString options:(NSStringCompareOptions)mask;
// 返回查找到包含子串的范围，可指定查询选项（忽略大小写、逆序），可进一步指定查找范围
- (NSRange)rangeOfString:(NSString *)aString options:(NSStringCompareOptions)mask range:(NSRange)searchRange;
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3.2 取子串
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// 返回从指定索引到结尾的子串
- (NSString *)substringFromIndex:(NSUInteger)from;
// 返回从开头到指定索引的子串
- (NSString *)substringToIndex:(NSUInteger)to;
// 返回从指定范围（开始索引+长度）界定的子串
- (NSString *)substringWithRange:(NSRange)range;
// Hint: Use withrangeOfComposedCharacterSequencesForRange: to avoid breaking up composedcharacters
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示例：
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NSString* prefix = [constString3 substringToIndex:7];
// @"Hello, "
NSString* suffix = [constString3 substringFromIndex:7];
// @"World!"
NSString* substr =[constString3 substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(3,6)];
// @"lo, Wo"
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3.3 是否包含子串
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// 是否以指定子串开头
- (BOOL)hasPrefix:(NSString *)aString;
// 是否以指定子串结尾
- (BOOL)hasSuffix:(NSString *)aString;
// 是否包含子串，注意只适用于iOS8以上！
- (BOOL)containsString:(NSString *)aString NS_AVAILABLE(10_10, 8_0);
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示例：
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BOOL bHasPrefix = [constString3 hasPrefix:@
"Hello,"
];
// YES
BOOL bHasSuffix = [constString3 hasSuffix:@
"World!"
];
// YES
BOOL bContain= [constString3 containsString:@
"lo, Wo"
];
// YES
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以下为NSString扩展类别（Category）判断是否包含子串的适配接口：
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- (BOOL)hasContainStr:(NSString*)subStr
{
if
(!subStr) {
return
NO;
}
if
([self respondsToSelector:@selector(containsString:)]) {
// ≥iOS8
return
[self containsString:subStr];
}
else
{
//0 ? YES : NO);
}
}
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3.4 查询字符集
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/* These return the range of the first character from the set in thestring, not the range of a sequence of characters.
*/
- (NSRange)rangeOfCharacterFromSet:(NSCharacterSet *)aSet;
- (NSRange)rangeOfCharacterFromSet:(NSCharacterSet *)aSet options:(NSStringCompareOptions)mask;
- (NSRange)rangeOfCharacterFromSet:(NSCharacterSet *)aSet options:(NSStringCompareOptions)mask range:(NSRange)searchRange;
- (NSRange)rangeOfComposedCharacterSequenceAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index;
- (NSRange)rangeOfComposedCharacterSequencesForRange:(NSRange)range NS_AVAILABLE(10_5, 2_0);
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4.比较字符串（Comparing）
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// 判断两个字符串内容是否相等
- (BOOL)isEqualToString:(NSString *)aString;
/* In the compare: methods, the range argument specifies the subrange,rather than the whole, of the receiver to use in the comparison.
The range is not applied to the search string. For example, [@"AB"compare:@"ABC" options:0 range:NSMakeRange(0,1)] compares"A" to "ABC", not "A" to "A", and will return NSOrderedAscending.
*/
// 比较字符串，如果相同返回NSOrderedSame；如果不相同，返回第一个不相同的字符值比较结果（NSOrderedAscending、NSOrderedDescending）
- (NSComparisonResult)compare:(NSString *)string;
// 比较字符串，可指定比较选项（忽略大小写、逆序、按十进制值）
- (NSComparisonResult)compare:(NSString *)string options:(NSStringCompareOptions)mask;
// 比较字符串，可指定比较选项（忽略大小写、逆序、按十进制值），可进一步指定查找范围
- (NSComparisonResult)compare:(NSString *)string options:(NSStringCompareOptions)mask range:(NSRange)compareRange;
// 比较字符串，可指定查询选项（忽略大小写、逆序、按十进制值），可进一步指定查找范围，可进一步按照本地化比较
- (NSComparisonResult)compare:(NSString *)string options:(NSStringCompareOptions)mask range:(NSRange)compareRange locale:(id)locale;
//locale arg used to be a dictionary pre-Leopard. We now accept NSLocale. Assumes the current locale if non-nil and non-NSLocale. nil continues to mean canonical compare, which doesn't depend on user's locale choice.
// 相当于compare:string options:NSCaseInsensitiveSearch
- (NSComparisonResult)caseInsensitiveCompare:(NSString *)string;
// 按照本地化比较
- (NSComparisonResult)localizedCompare:(NSString *)string;
// 以上两个版本组合
- (NSComparisonResult)localizedCaseInsensitiveCompare:(NSString *)string;
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5.替换子串（Replacing）
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/* Replace all occurrences of the target string in the specified range with replacement. Specified compare options are used for matching target. IfNSRegularExpressionSearch is specified, the replacement is treated as a template, as in the corresponding NSRegularExpression methods, and no other options can apply except NSCaseInsensitiveSearch and NSAnchoredSearch.*/
- (NSString *)stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:(NSString *)target withString:(NSString *)replacement options:(NSStringCompareOptions)options range:(NSRange)searchRange NS_AVAILABLE(10_5, 2_0);
/* Replace all occurrences of the target string with replacement. Invokes the above method with 0 options and range of the whole string.*/
- (NSString *)stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:(NSString *)target withString:(NSString *)replacement NS_AVAILABLE(10_5, 2_0);
/* Replace characters in range with the specified string, returning new string.*/
- (NSString *)stringByReplacingCharactersInRange:(NSRange)range withString:(NSString *)replacement NS_AVAILABLE(10_5, 2_0);
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6.衍生字符串（Deriving）
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// 当前字符串追加aString生成返回一个新的NSString对象。
- (NSString *)stringByAppendingString:(NSString *)aString;
- (NSString *)stringByAppendingFormat:(NSString *)format, ... NS_FORMAT_FUNCTION(1,2);
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7.拆分字符串（Separate & Join Components）
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// NSString::componentsSeparatedByString接口按照分割字符（子串）来切分字符串：NSString->NSArray
- (NSArray *)componentsSeparatedByString:(NSString *)separator;
- (NSArray *)componentsSeparatedByCharactersInSet:(NSCharacterSet *)separator NS_AVAILABLE(10_5, 2_0);
// NSArray::componentsJoinedByString接口将多个字符串（字符串数组）以衔接字符连接：NSArray->NSString
- (NSString *)componentsJoinedByString:(NSString *)separator;
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以下代码示例将字符串按分隔符拆分，然后按分隔符衔接复原：
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NSString* originString = @
"do-do-sol-sol-la-la-sol"
;
NSArray* components = [originString componentsSeparatedByString:@
"-"
];
// 拆分
NSLog(@
"components = %@"
, components);
NSString* recoverString = [components componentsJoinedByString:@
"-"
];
//复原
NSLog(@
"recoverString = %@"
, recoverString);
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8.可变字符串（NSMutableString）
8.1 Initializing an String(NS_DESIGNATED_INITIALIZER)
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/* In addition to these two, NSMutableString responds properly to allNSString creation methods.*/
- (NSMutableString *)initWithCapacity:(NSUInteger)capacity;
+ (NSMutableString *)stringWithCapacity:(NSUInteger)capacity;
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8.2 set/append aString
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// Replaces the characters of the receiver with those in a given string.aString must not be nil.
- (void)setString:(NSString *)aString;
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setString类似于对retain propery的赋值（setter）。
字符串置为空串：=@””或setString:@””;
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// Adds to the end of the receiver the characters of a given string.aString must not be nil
- (void)appendString:(NSString *)aString;
- (void)appendFormat:(NSString *)format, ... NS_FORMAT_FUNCTION(1,2);
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8.3 insert/replace
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- (void)insertString:(NSString *)aString atIndex:(NSUInteger)loc;
// 替换
- (void)replaceCharactersInRange:(NSRange)range withString:(NSString *)aString;
- (NSUInteger)replaceOccurrencesOfString:(NSString *)target withString:(NSString *)replacement options:(NSStringCompareOptions)options range:(NSRange)searchRange;
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8.4 delete
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// 删除指定位置、指定长度的子串
- (void)deleteCharactersInRange:(NSRange)range;
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9.文件、URL与字符串
9.1 从指定文件读取内容到字符串
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- (instancetype)initWithContentsOfFile:(NSString *)path encoding:(NSStringEncoding)enc error:(NSError **)error;
+ (instancetype)stringWithContentsOfFile:(NSString *)path encoding:(NSStringEncoding)enc error:(NSError **)error;
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9.2 从指定url读取（下载）内容到字符串
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- (instancetype)initWithContentsOfURL:(NSURL *)url encoding:(NSStringEncoding)enc error:(NSError **)error;
+ (instancetype)stringWithContentsOfURL:(NSURL *)url encoding:(NSStringEncoding)enc error:(NSError **)error;
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9.3 将字符串内容写到指定url/path
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/* Write to specified url or path using the specified encoding.*/
- (BOOL)writeToURL:(NSURL *)url atomically:(BOOL)useAuxiliaryFileencoding:(NSStringEncoding)encerror:(NSError **)error;
- (BOOL)writeToFile:(NSString *)path atomically:(BOOL)useAuxiliaryFileencoding:(NSStringEncoding)encerror:(NSError **)error;
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10.字符串化
10.1 NSString & Class
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// 获取某个对象的具体类名，传入[obj class]，相当于[objclassName]
FOUNDATION_EXPORT NSString *NSStringFromClass(Class aClass);
// 基于类名获取类
FOUNDATION_EXPORT Class NSClassFromString(NSString *aClassName);
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示例：
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NSLog(@
"[constString2 className] = %@"
, [constString2 className]);
// __NSCFConstantString
NSLog(@
"NSStringFromClass([constString2 class]) = %@"
, NSStringFromClass([constString2class]));
//__NSCFConstantString
NSLog(@
"object_getClassName(constString2) = %s"
, object_getClassName(constString2));
// __NSCFConstantString
// 返回C字符串格式的类名
const char* className = class_getName([obj class]);
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10.2 NSString & SEL
类似的还有NSStringFromSelector/NSSelectorFromString。
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Class _alertManager = NSClassFromString([NSString stringWithFormat:@
"_UIAlertManager"
]);
SEL methodSel = NSSelectorFromString([NSStringstringWithFormat:@
"topMostAlert"
]);
if
([_alertManager respondsToSelector:methodSel])
{
id topView = objc_msgSend(_alertManager, methodSel);
}
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10.3 NSString & CGPoint/CGSize/CGRect
NSStringFromCGPoint/CGPointFromString、NSStringFromCGSize/CGSizeFromString、 NSStringFromCGRect/CGRectFromString。
参考：
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