MySQL一致性读,又称为快照读。使用的是MVCC机制读取undo中的已经提交的数据。所以它的读取是非阻塞的。
相关文档:http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/innodb-consistent-read.html
A consistent read means that InnoDB
uses multi-versioning to present to a query a snapshot of the database at a point in time. The query sees the changes made by transactions that committed before that point of time, and no changes made by later or uncommitted transactions. The exception to this rule is that the query sees the changes made by earlier statements within the same transaction.
一致性读肯定是读取在某个时间点已经提交了的数据,有个特例:本事务中修改的数据,即使未提交的数据也可以在本事务的后面部分读取到。
1. RC 隔离 和 RR 隔离中一致性读的区别
根据隔离级别的不同,一致性读也是不一样的。不同点在于判断是否提交的“某个时间点”:
1)对于RR隔离:
If the transaction isolation level is REPEATABLE READ
(the default level), all consistent reads within the same transaction read the snapshot established by the first such read in that transaction.
文档中说的是:the first such read in that transaction。实际上实验的结果表明,这里的 the first such read指的是:对同一个表或者不同表进行的第一次select语句建立了该事务中一致性读的snapshot. 其它update, delete, insert 语句和一致性读snapshot的建立没有关系。在snapshot建立之后提交的数据,一致性读就读不到,之前提交的数据就可以读到。
事务的起始点其实是以执行的第一条语句为起始点的,而不是以begin作为事务的起始点的。
实验1:
sesseion A
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session B
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mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
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mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
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mysql> begin;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
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|
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mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into t1(c1,c2) values(1,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
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mysql> select * from t1;
+----+------+
| c1 | c2 |
+----+------+
| 1 | 1 |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
|
|
上面的实验说明:RR隔离级别下的一致性读,不是以begin开始的时间点作为snapshot建立时间点,而是以第一条select语句的时间点作为snapshot建立的时间点。
实验2:
session A
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session B
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mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
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mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
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mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
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mysql> begin;
mysql> select * from t;
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|
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mysql> insert into t1(c1,c2) values(1,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
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mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec) |
|
该使用说明:RR隔离级别下的一致性读,是以第一条select语句的执行点作为snapshot建立的时间点的,即使是不同表的select语句。这里因为session A在insert之前对 t 表执行了select,所以建立了snapshot,所以后面的select * from t1 不能读取到insert的插入的值。
实验3:
session A
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session B
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mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
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mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
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mysql> begin;
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mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
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mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
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mysql> insert into t1(c1,c2) values(1,1);
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mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.01 sec)
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该实验中:session A 的第一条语句,发生在session B的 insert语句提交之前,所以session A中的第二条select还是不能读取到数据。因为RR中的一致性读是以事务中第一个select语句执行的时间点作为snapshot建立的时间点的。而此时,session B的insert语句还没有执行,所以读取不到数据。
实验4:
session A
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session B
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mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
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mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
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mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
|
|
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mysql> insert into t1(c1,c2) values(1,1),(2,2);
mysql> select * from t1;
+----+------+
| c1 | c2 |
+----+------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
+----+------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
|
mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
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mysql> update t1 set c2=100 where c1=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from t1;
+----+------+
| c1 | c2 |
+----+------+
| 1 | 100 |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
|
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该实验说明:本事务中进行修改的数据,即使没有提交,在本事务中的后面也可以读取到。update 语句因为进行的是“当前读”,所以它可以修改成功。
2)对于RC隔离就简单多了:
With READ COMMITTED
isolation level, each consistent read within a transaction sets and reads its own fresh snapshot.
事务中每一次读取都是以当前的时间点作为判断是否提交的实际点,也即是 reads its own fresh snapshot.
RC是语句级多版本(事务的多条只读语句,创建不同的ReadView,代价更高),RR是事务级多版本(一个ReadView);
3. MySQL 中事务开始的时间
一般我们会认为 begin/start transaction 是事务开始的时间点,也就是一旦我们执行了 start transaction,就认为事务已经开始了,其实这是错误的。上面的实验也说明了这一点。事务开始的真正的时间点(LSN),是 start transaction 之后执行的第一条语句,不管是什么语句,不管成功与否。
但是如果你想要达到将 start transaction 作为事务开始的时间点,那么我们必须使用:
START TRANSACTION WITH consistent snapshot
它的含义是:执行 start transaction 同时建立本事务一致性读的 snapshot . 而不是等到执行第一条语句时,才开始事务,并且建立一致性读的 snapshot .
The WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
modifier starts a consistent read for storage engines that are capable of it. This applies only to InnoDB
. The effect is the same as issuing a START TRANSACTION
followed by a SELECT
from any InnoDB
table. See Section 14.2.2.2, “Consistent Nonlocking Reads”. The WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
modifier does not change the current transaction isolation level, so it provides a consistent snapshot only if the current isolation level is one that permits a consistent read. The only isolation level that permits a consistent read is REPEATABLE READ
. For all other isolation levels, the WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
clause is ignored. As of MySQL 5.7.2, a warning is generated when the WITH CONSISTENT SNAPSHOT
clause is ignored.
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/commit.html
效果等价于: start transaction 之后,马上执行一条 select 语句(此时会建立一致性读的snapshot)。
If the transaction isolation level is REPEATABLE READ
(the default level), all consistent reads within the same transaction read the snapshot established by the first such read in that transaction. You can get a fresher snapshot for your queries by committing the current transaction and after that issuing new queries. (RR隔离级别中的一致性读的snapshot是第一条select语句执行时建立的,其实应该是第一条任何语句执行时建立的)
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/innodb-consistent-read.html
我们在 mysqldump --single-transaction 中使用的就是该语句:
SET session TRANSACTION isolation LEVEL REPEATABLE read START TRANSACTION /*!40100 WITH consistent snapshot */
所以事务开始时间点,分为两种情况:
1)START TRANSACTION 时,是第一条语句的执行时间点,就是事务开始的时间点,第一条select语句建立一致性读的snapshot;
2)START TRANSACTION WITH consistent snapshot 时,则是立即建立本事务的一致性读snapshot,当然也开始事务了;
实验1:
session A
|
session B
|
mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
|
mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
|
|
mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.01 sec)
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mysql> start transaction;
|
|
|
mysql> insert into t1(c1,c2) values(1,1);
|
mysql> select * from t1;
+----+------+
| c1 | c2 |
+----+------+
| 1 | 1 |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
|
|
mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
|
mysql> set tx_isolation='repeatable-read';
|
|
mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.01 sec)
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mysql> start transaction with consistent snapshot;
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|
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mysql> insert into t1(c1,c2) values(1,1);
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mysql> select * from t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
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3. Oracle中的一致性读
Oracle读一致性是指一个查询所获得的数据来自同一时间点。
Oracle读一致性分为语句级读一致性和事务级读一致性。
语句级读一致性:Oracle强制实现语句级读一致性。一个查询语句只读取语句开始之前提交的数据。
事务级读一致性:隔离级别为SERIALIZABLE和read only的事务才支持事务级读一致性。事务中的所有查询语句只读取 事务开始之前提交的数据。
Oracle只实现了RC和serializable,没有实现Read uncommitted 和 RR。其实Oracle的serializable级别才实现了可重复读。
4. 当前读(current read) 和 一致性读
一致性读是指普通的select语句,不带 for update, in share mode 等等子句。使用的是undo中的提交的数据,不需要使用锁(MDL除外)。而当前读,是指update, delete, select for update, select in share mode等等语句进行的读,它们读取的是数据库中的最新的数据,并且会锁住读取的行和gap(RR隔离时)。如果不能获得锁,则会一直等待,直到获得或者超时。RC隔离级别的当前读没有gap lock,RC的update语句进行的是“半一致性读”,和RR的update语句的当前读不一样。
5. 一致性读与 mysqldump --single-transaction
我们知道 mysqldump --single-transaction的原理是:设置事务为RR模式,然后利用事务的特性,来获得一致性的数据,但是:
--single-transaction
Creates a consistent snapshot by dumping all tables in a
single transaction. Works ONLY for tables stored in
storage engines which support multiversioning (currently
only InnoDB does); the dump is NOT guaranteed to be
consistent for other storage engines. While a
--single-transaction dump is in process, to ensure a
valid dump file (correct table contents and binary log
position), no other connection should use the following
statements: ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE,
TRUNCATE TABLE, as consistent snapshot is not isolated
from them. Option automatically turns off --lock-tables.
在mysqldump运行期间,不能执行 alter table, drop table, rename table, truncate table 等等的DDL语句,因为一致性读和这些语句时无法隔离的。
那么在mysqldump --single-transaction 执行期间,执行了上面那些DDL,会发生什么呢?
mysqldump --single-transaction 的执行过程是:设置RR,然后开始事务,对应了一个LSN,然后对所有选中的表,一个一个的执行下面的过程:
save point sp; --> select * from t1 --> rollback to sp;
save point sp; --> select * from t2 --> rollback to sp;
... ...
1> 那么如果对t2表的DDL发生在 save point sp 之前,那么当mysqldump处理到 t2 表时,mysqldump 会立马报错:表结构已经改变......
2> 如果对t2表的DDL发生在 save point sp 之后,rollback to sp 之前,那么要么DDL被阻塞,要么mysqldump被阻塞,具体谁被阻塞,看谁先执行了。
被阻塞额原因是:DDL需要t2表的 MDL 的互斥锁,而select * from t1 需要MDL的共享锁,所以阻塞发生。
3> 如果对t2表的DDL发生在 rollback to sp 之后,那么因为对 t2 表的dump已经完成,不会发生错误或者阻塞。
那么为什么: 对t2表的DDL发生在 save point sp 之前,那么当mysqldump开始处理 t2 表时,mysqldump 立马报错呢?
其原因就是 一致性读的胳膊拗不过DDL的大腿:
Consistent read does not work over certain DDL statements:(一致性读的胳膊拗不过DDL的大腿)
-
Consistent read does not work over
DROP TABLE
, because MySQL cannot use a table that has been dropped andInnoDB
destroys the table. -
Consistent read does not work over
ALTER TABLE
, because that statement makes a temporary copy of the original table and deletes the original table when the temporary copy is built. When you reissue a consistent read within a transaction, rows in the new table are not visible because those rows did not exist when the transaction's snapshot was taken. In this case, the transaction returns an error as of MySQL 5.6.6:ER_TABLE_DEF_CHANGED
, “Table definition has changed, please retry transaction”.
原因:ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE, TRUNCATE TABLE 这些DDL语句的执行,会导致无法使用undo构造出正确的一致性读,一致性读和它们是无法隔离的。