Linq to Sql 学习系列之八 继承与关系

论坛表结构

 

       为了演示继承与关系，我们创建一个论坛数据库，在数据库中创建三个表：

1、  论坛版块分类表 dbo.Categories ：

字段名	字段类型	可空	备注
CategoryID	int	not null	identity/ 主键
CategoryName	varchar(50)	not null

2、  论坛版块表 dbo.Boards ：

字段名	字段类型	可空	备注
BoardID	int	not null	identity/ 主键
BoardName	varchar(50)	not null
BoardCategory	int	not null	对应论坛版块分类表的 CategoryID

3、  论坛主题表 dbo.Topics ：

字段名	字段类型	可空	备注
TopicID	int	not null	identity/ 主键
TopicTitle	varchar(50)	not null
TopicContent	varchar(max)	not null
ParentTopic	int	null	如果帖子是主题贴这个字段为 null ，否则就是所属主题 id
TopicType	tinyint	not null	0 – 主题贴 1 – 回复帖

 

实体继承的定义

 

       Linq to sql 支持实体的单表继承，也就是基类和派生类都存储在一个表中。对于论坛来说，帖子有两种，一种是主题贴，一种是回复帖。那么，我们就先定义帖子基类：

[Table (Name = "Topics" )] public class Topic {     [Column (Name = "TopicID" , DbType = "int identity" , IsPrimaryKey = true , IsDbGenerated = true , CanBeNull = false )]     public int TopicID { get ; set ; }       [Column (Name = "TopicType" , DbType = "tinyint" , CanBeNull = false )]     public int TopicType { get ; set ; }       [Column (Name = "TopicTitle" , DbType = "varchar(50)" , CanBeNull = false )]      public string TopicTitle { get ; set ; }       [Column (Name = "TopicContent" , DbType = "varchar(max)" , CanBeNull = false )]     public string TopicContent { get ; set ; } }

       这些实体的定义大家应该很熟悉了。下面，我们再来定义两个实体继承帖子基类，分别是主题贴和回复贴：

public class NewTopic : Topic {     public NewTopic()     {         base .TopicType = 0;     } }   public class Reply : Topic {     public Reply()     {         base .TopicType = 1;     }       [Column (Name = "ParentTopic" , DbType = "int" , CanBeNull = false )]     public int ParentTopic { get ; set ; } }

       对于主题贴，在数据库中的 TopicType 就保存为 0 ，而对于回复贴就保存为 1 。回复贴还有一个相关字段就是回复所属主题贴的 TopicID 。那么，我们怎么告知 Linq to sql 在 TopicType 为 0 的时候识别为 NewTopic ，而 1 则识别为 Reply 那？只需稍微修改一下前面的 Topic 实体定义：

[Table (Name = "Topics" )] [InheritanceMapping (Code = 0, Type = typeof (NewTopic ), IsDefault = true )] [InheritanceMapping (Code = 1, Type = typeof (Reply ))] public class Topic {     [Column (Name = "TopicID" , DbType = "int identity" , IsPrimaryKey = true , IsDbGenerated = true , CanBeNull = false )]     public int TopicID { get ; set ; }       [Column (Name = "TopicType" , DbType = "tinyint" , CanBeNull = false , IsDiscriminator = true )]     public int TopicType { get ; set ; }       [Column (Name = "TopicTitle" , DbType = "varchar(50)" , CanBeNull = false )]     public string TopicTitle { get ; set ; }       [Column (Name = "TopicContent" , DbType = "varchar(max)" , CanBeNull = false )]     public string TopicContent { get ; set ; } }

       为类加了 InheritanceMapping 特性定义， 0 的时候类型就是 NewTopic ， 1 的时候就是 Reply 。并且为 TopicType 字段上的特性中加了 IsDiscriminator = true ，告知 Linq to sql 这个字段就是用于分类的字段。

 

实体继承的使用

 

       定义好继承的实体之后，我们就可以使用了。先是自定义一个 DataContext 吧：

public partial class BBSContext : DataContext {     public Table <BoardCategory > BoardCategories;     public Table <Board > Boards;     public Table <Topic > Topics;     public BBSContext(string connection) : base (connection) { } }

       然后，我们来测试一下 Linq to sql 是否能根据 TopicType 识别派生类：

BBSContext ctx = new BBSContext ("server=xxx;database=BBS;uid=xxx;pwd=xxx" );         var query = from t in ctx.Topics select t;         foreach (Topic topic in query)         {             if (topic is NewTopic )             {                 NewTopic newtopic = topic as NewTopic ;                 Response.Write(" 标题： " + newtopic.TopicTitle + " 类型： " + newtopic.TopicType + "<br/>" );             }             else if (topic is Reply )             {                 Reply reply = topic as Reply ;                 Response.Write(" 标题： " + reply.TopicTitle + " 类型： " + reply.TopicType + " 隶属主题： " + reply.ParentTopic + "<br/>" );             }         }

       然后我们往 Topics 表中加一些数据，如下图：

 

       启动程序得到如下测试结果：

 

       当然，你也可以在查询句法中直接查询派生实体：

IEnumerable newtopiclist = (from t in ctx.Topics.OfType<NewTopic >() select t).ToList();         newtopics.DataSource = newtopiclist;         IEnumerable replylist = (from t in ctx.Topics.OfType<Reply >() select t).ToList();         replies.DataSource = replylist;         Page.DataBind();

       newtopic 和 replies 是两个 GridView 控件，执行效果如下图：

 

       再来看看如何进行增删操作：

NewTopic nt = new NewTopic () { TopicTitle = " 还是新主题 " , TopicContent = " 还是新主题 " };         Reply rpl = new Reply () { TopicTitle = " 还是新回复 " , TopicContent = " 还是新回复 " , ParentTopic = 4 };         ctx.Topics.Add(nt);         ctx.Topics.Add(rpl);         ctx.SubmitChanges();         rpl = ctx.Topics.OfType<Reply >().Single(reply => reply.TopicID == 8);         ctx.Topics.Remove(rpl);         ctx.SubmitChanges();

 

实体关系的定义

 

       比如我们的论坛分类表和论坛版块表之间就有关系，这种关系是 1 对多的关系。也就是说一个论坛分类可能有多个论坛版块，这是很常见的。定义实体关系的优势在于，我们无须显式作连接操作就能处理关系表的条件。

       首先来看看分类表的定义：

[Table (Name = "Categories" )] public class BoardCategory {     [Column (Name = "CategoryID" , DbType = "int identity" , IsPrimaryKey = true , IsDbGenerated = true , CanBeNull = false )]     public int CategoryID { get ; set ; }       [Column (Name = "CategoryName" , DbType = "varchar(50)" , CanBeNull = false )]     public string CategoryName { get ; set ; }       private EntitySet <Board > _Boards;       [Association (OtherKey = "BoardCategory" , Storage = "_Boards" )]     public EntitySet <Board > Boards     {         get { return this ._Boards; }         set { this ._Boards.Assign(value ); }     }       public BoardCategory()     {         this ._Boards = new EntitySet <Board >();     } }

       CategoryID 和 CategoryName 的映射没有什么不同，只是我们还增加了一个 Boards 属性，它返回的是 Board 实体集。通过特性，我们定义了关系外键为 BoardCategory （ Board 表的一个字段）。然后来看看 1 对多，多端版块表的实体：

[Table (Name = "Boards" )] public class Board {     [Column (Name = "BoardID" , DbType = "int identity" , IsPrimaryKey = true , IsDbGenerated = true , CanBeNull = false )]     public int BoardID { get ; set ; }       [Column (Name = "BoardName" , DbType = "varchar(50)" , CanBeNull = false )]     public string BoardName { get ; set ; }       [Column (Name = "BoardCategory" , DbType = "int" , CanBeNull = false )]     public int BoardCategory { get ; set ; }       private EntityRef <BoardCategory > _Category;       [Association (ThisKey = "BoardCategory" , Storage = "_Category" )]     public BoardCategory Category     {         get { return this ._Category.Entity; }         set         {             this ._Category.Entity = value ;             value .Boards.Add(this );         } } }

       在这里我们需要关联分类，设置了 Category 属性使用 BoardCategory 字段和分类表关联。 

实体关系的使用

   
    好了，现在我们就可以在查询句法中直接关联表了（数据库中不一定要设置表的外键关系）：

Response.Write("------------- 查询分类为 1 的版块 -------------<br/>" );         var query1 = from b in ctx.Boards where b.Category.CategoryID == 1 select b;         foreach (Board b in query1)             Response.Write(b.BoardID + " " + b.BoardName + "<br/>" );         Response.Write("------------- 查询版块大于 2 个的分类 -------------<br/>" );         var query2 = from c in ctx.BoardCategories where c.Boards.Count > 2 select c;         foreach (BoardCategory c in query2)             Response.Write(c.CategoryID + " " + c.CategoryName + " " + c.Boards.Count + "<br/>" );

       在数据库中加一些测试数据，如下图：

 

       运行程序后得到下图的结果：

 

       我想定义实体关系的方便我不需要再用语言形容了吧。执行上述的程序会导致下面 SQL 的执行：

SELECT [t0].[BoardID], [t0].[BoardName], [t0].[BoardCategory] FROM [Boards] AS [t0] INNER JOIN [Categories] AS [t1] ON [t1].[CategoryID] = [t0].[BoardCategory] WHERE [t1].[CategoryID] = @p0 -- @p0: Input Int32 (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [1]   SELECT [t0].[CategoryID], [t0].[CategoryName] FROM [Categories] AS [t0] WHERE ((     SELECT COUNT(*)     FROM [Boards] AS [t1]     WHERE [t1].[BoardCategory] = [t0].[CategoryID]     )) > @p0 -- @p0: Input Int32 (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [2]   SELECT [t0].[BoardID], [t0].[BoardName], [t0].[BoardCategory] FROM [Boards] AS [t0] WHERE [t0].[BoardCategory] = @p0 -- @p0: Input Int32 (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [1]

        可以看到，第二个查询并没有做外连接，还记得 DataLoadOptions 吗？我们可以要求 Linq to sql 在读取版块分类信息的时候也把版块信息一起加载：

 

DataLoadOptions options = new DataLoadOptions ();         options.LoadWith<BoardCategory >(c => c.Boards);         ctx.LoadOptions = options;         Response.Write("------------- 查询版块大于 2 个的分类 -------------<br/>" );         var query2 = from c in ctx.BoardCategories where c.Boards.Count > 2 select c;         foreach (BoardCategory c in query2)             Response.Write(c.CategoryID + " " + c.CategoryName + " " + c.Boards.Count + "<br/>" );

查询经过改造后会得到下面的 SQL ：

 

SELECT [t0].[CategoryID], [t0].[CategoryName], [t1].[BoardID], [t1].[BoardName], [t1].[BoardCategory], (     SELECT COUNT(*)     FROM [Boards] AS [t3]     WHERE [t3].[BoardCategory] = [t0].[CategoryID]     ) AS [count] FROM [Categories] AS [t0] LEFT OUTER JOIN [Boards] AS [t1] ON [t1].[BoardCategory] = [t0].[CategoryID] WHERE ((     SELECT COUNT(*)     FROM [Boards] AS [t2]     WHERE [t2].[BoardCategory] = [t0].[CategoryID]     )) > @p0 ORDER BY [t0].[CategoryID], [t1].[BoardID] -- @p0: Input Int32 (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [2]

         在添加分类的时候，如果这个分类下还有新的版块，那么提交新增分类的时候版块也会新增：

 

BoardCategory dbcat = new BoardCategory () { CategoryName = "Database" };         Board oracle = new Board () { BoardName = "Oracle" , Category = dbcat};         ctx.BoardCategories.Add(dbcat);         ctx.SubmitChanges();

       上述代码导致下面的 SQL 被执行：

 

INSERT INTO [Categories]([CategoryName]) VALUES (@p0)   SELECT [t0].[CategoryID] FROM [Categories] AS [t0] WHERE [t0].[CategoryID] = (SCOPE_IDENTITY())   -- @p0: Input AnsiString (Size = 8; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [Database]   INSERT INTO [Boards]([BoardName], [BoardCategory]) VALUES (@p0, @p1)   SELECT [t0].[BoardID] FROM [Boards] AS [t0] WHERE [t0].[BoardID] = (SCOPE_IDENTITY())   -- @p0: Input AnsiString (Size = 6; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [Oracle] -- @p1: Input Int32 (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [23]

    今天就讲到这里。大家可以自己尝试为帖子表也定义实体的关系，因为，是不是可以直接通过帖子获取帖子下的回复，或者直接通过回复得到所属帖子那？