接口可使用的修饰符如下:
InterfaceModifier: one of
Annotation public protected private
abstract static strictfp
接口中可声明的一些成员:
InterfaceMemberDeclaration:
ConstantDeclaration
AbstractMethodDeclaration
ClassDeclaration
InterfaceDeclaration
The modifier static
pertains only to member interfaces (§8.5.1, §9.5), not to top level interfaces (§7.6).
The access modifiers protected
and private
pertain only to member interfaces within a directly enclosing class or enum declaration (§8.5.1).
9.1.1.2. strictfp
Interfaces
The effect of the strictfp
modifier is to make all float
or double
expressions within the interface declaration be explicitly FP-strict (§15.4).
This implies that all nested types declared in the interface are implicitly strictfp
.
It is a compile-time error to refer to a type parameter of an interface I anywhere in the declaration of a field or type member of I.
9.1.3. Superinterfaces and Subinterfaces
If an extends
clause is provided, then the interface being declared extends each of the other named interfaces and therefore inherits the member types, methods, and constants of each of the other named interfaces.
Given a (possibly generic) interface declaration for I<
F1,...,Fn>
(n ≥ 0), the direct superinterfaces of the interface typeI<
F1,...,Fn>
are the types given in the extends
clause of the declaration of I if an extends
clause is present.
Let I<
F1,...,Fn>
(n > 0), be a generic interface declaration. The direct superinterfaces of the parameterized interface type I<
T1,...,Tn>
, where Ti (1 ≤ i ≤ n) is a type, are all types J<
U1θ,...,Uk θ>
, where J<
U1,...,Uk>
is a direct superinterface ofI<
F1,...,Fn>
, and θ is the substitution [F1:=T1,...,Fn:=Tn]
.
9.2. Interface Members
The members of an interface are:
-
If an interface has no direct superinterfaces, then the interface implicitly declares a
public
abstract
member methodm
with signature s, return type r, andthrows
clause t corresponding to eachpublic
instance methodm
with signature s, return type r, andthrows
clause t declared inObject
, unless a method with the same signature, same return type, and a compatiblethrows
clause is explicitly declared by the interface.It is a compile-time error if the interface explicitly declares such a method
m
in the case wherem
is declared to befinal
inObject
.It follows that is a compile-time error if the interface declares a method with a signature that is override-equivalent (§8.4.2) to a
public
method ofObject
, but has a different return type or incompatiblethrows
clause.
The interface inherits, from the interfaces it extends, all members of those interfaces, except for (a) fields, classes, and interfaces that it hides and (b) methods that it overrides (§9.4.1).
Fields, methods, and member types of an interface type may have the same name, since they are used in different contexts and are disambiguated by different lookup procedures (§6.5). However, this is discouraged as a matter of style.
9.3.1. Initialization of Fields in Interfaces
Every field in the body of an interface must have an initialization expression, which need not be a constant expression (§15.28), or a compile-time error occurs.
It is a compile-time error if an initialization expression for an interface field contains a reference by simple name to the same field or to another field whose declaration occurs textually later in the same interface.
9.4. Abstract Method Declarations
It is a compile-time error if a method declared in an interface is declared static
, because static
methods cannot be abstract
.
It is a compile-time error if a method declared in an interface is strictfp
or native
or synchronized
, because those keywords describe implementation properties rather than interface properties.
Methods declared in interfaces are abstract
and thus contain no implementation. About all that can be accomplished by an overriding method declaration, other than to affirm a method signature(除了确认方法签名之外), is to refine the return type or to restrict the exceptions that might be thrown by an implementation of the method. Here is a variation of the example shown in (§8.4.3.1):
9.4.1.2. Requirements in Overriding
The relationship between the return type of an interface method and the return types of any overridden interface methods is specified in §8.4.8.3.
The relationship between the throws
clause of an interface method and the throws
clauses of any overridden interface methods are specified in §8.4.8.3.
The relationship between the signature of an interface method and the signatures of overridden interface methods are specified in §8.4.8.3.
9.5. Member Type Declarations
An interface inherits from its direct superinterfaces all the non-private
member types of the superinterfaces that are both accessible to code in the interface and not hidden by a declaration in the interface.
9.6.1. Annotation Type Elements
Each method declaration in an annotation type declaration defines an element of the annotation type.
Annotation types can have zero or more elements. An annotation type has no elements other than those defined by the methods it explicitly declares.
AnnotationTypeElementDeclaration:
AbstractMethodModifiersopt Type Identifier ( ) Dimsopt DefaultValueopt ;
ConstantDeclaration
ClassDeclaration
InterfaceDeclaration
EnumDeclaration
AnnotationTypeDeclaration
;
DefaultValue:
default ElementValue
By virtue of the AnnotationTypeElementDeclaration syntax, a method declaration in an annotation type declaration cannot have any formal parameters or type parameters, or a throws
clause.
By convention, no AbstractMethodModifiers should be present on an annotation type element except for annotations.
It is a compile-time error if the return type of a method declared in an annotation type is not one of the following: a primitive type, String
, Class
, any parameterized invocation of Class
, an enum type (§8.9), an annotation type, or an array type (§10) whose element type is one of the preceding types.
This specification precludes elements whose types are nested arrays. For example, this annotation type declaration is illegal:
@interface Verboten {
String[][] value();
}
It is a compile-time error if any method declared in an annotation type has a signature that is override-equivalent to that of any public
or protected
method declared in class Object
or in the interface java.lang.annotation.Annotation
.
It is a compile-time error if an annotation type declaration T contains an element of type T, either directly or indirectly.
For example, this is illegal:
@interface SelfRef { SelfRef value(); }
and so is this:
@interface Ping { Pong value(); }
@interface Pong { Ping value(); }
Example 9.6.2-3. Complex Annotation Type Declaration
The following annotation type declaration shows a Class
annotation whose value is restricted by a bounded wildcard:
interface Formatter {}
// Designates a formatter to pretty-print the annotated class
@interface PrettyPrinter {
Class<? extends Formatter> value();
}
class GorgeousFormatter implements Formatter { ... }
@PrettyPrinter(GorgeousFormatter.class)
public class Petunia { ... }
// Illegal; String is not a subtype of Formatter
@PrettyPrinter(String.class)
public class Begonia { ... }
Here is an example of a complex annotation type, that is, an annotation type that contains one or more elements whose types are also annotation types.
/**
* A person's name. This annotation type is not designed
* to be used directly to annotate program elements, but to
* define elements of other annotation types.
*/
@interface Name {
String first();
String last();
}
/**
* Indicates the author of the annotated program element.
*/
@interface Author {
Name value();
}
/**
* Indicates the reviewer of the annotated program element.
*/
@interface Reviewer {
Name value();
}
可以这样使用:
@Author(@Name(first = "Joe", last = "Hacker"))
public class BitTwiddle { ... }
9.7. Annotations
An annotation is a modifier consisting of the name of an annotation type (§9.6) and zero or more element-value pairs, each of which associates a value with a different element of the annotation type.
The purpose of an annotation is simply to associate information with the annotated program element.
Annotations must contain an element-value pair for every element of the corresponding annotation type, except for those elements with default values, or a compile-time error occurs.
Annotations may, but are not required to, contain element-value pairs for elements with default values.
Annotations may be used as modifiers in any declaration, whether package (§7.4.1), class (§8.1.1) (including enums (§8.9)), interface (§9.1.1) (including annotation types (§9.6)), field (§8.3.1, §9.3), method (§8.4.3, §9.4), formal parameter (§8.4.1), constructor (§8.8.3), or local variable (§14.4.1).
Annotations may also be used on enum constants. Such annotations are placed immediately before the enum constant they annotate.
It is a compile-time error if a declaration is annotated with more than one annotation for a given annotation type.
Annotations are conventionally placed before all other modifiers, but this is not a requirement; they may be freely intermixed with other modifiers.
9.7.1. Normal Annotations
A normal annotation is used to annotate a program element.
NormalAnnotation:
@ TypeName ( ElementValuePairsopt )
ElementValuePairs:
ElementValuePair
ElementValuePairs , ElementValuePair
ElementValuePair:
Identifier = ElementValue
ElementValue:
ConditionalExpression
Annotation
ElementValueArrayInitializer
ElementValueArrayInitializer:
{ ElementValuesopt ,opt }
ElementValues:
ElementValue
ElementValues , ElementValue
The TypeName names the annotation type corresponding to the annotation.
Note that the at-sign (@
) is a token unto itself. Technically it is possible to put whitespace between it and the TypeName, but this is discouraged as a matter of style.
It is a compile-time error if TypeName does not name an annotation type that is accessible (§6.6) at the point where the annotation is used.
The Identifier in an ElementValuePair must be the simple name of one of the elements (i.e. methods) of the annotation type identified by TypeName; otherwise, a compile-time error occurs.
The return type of this method defines the element type of the element-value pair.
An ElementValueArrayInitializer is similar to a normal array initializer (§10.6), except that annotations are permitted in place of expressions.