http://freeloda.blog.51cto.com/2033581/1288553
-
CentOS 6.4 x86_64
-
Nginx 1.4.2
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[root@nginx ~]
# rpm -ivh http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
[root@web1 ~]
# rpm -ivh http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
[root@web2 ~]
# rpm -ivh http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
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[root@nginx ~]
# ntpdate 202.120.2.101
[root@web1 ~]
# ntpdate 202.120.2.101
[root@web2 ~]
# ntpdate 202.120.2.101
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[root@nginx ~]
# service iptables stop
[root@nginx ~]
# chkconfig iptables off
[root@nginx ~]
# getenforce
Disabled
[root@web1 ~]
# service iptables stop
[root@web1 ~]
# chkconfig iptables off
[root@web1 ~]
# getenforce
Disabled
[root@web2 ~]
# service iptables stop
[root@web2 ~]
# chkconfig iptables off
[root@web2 ~]
# getenforce
Disabled
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[root@nginx src]
# tar xf nginx-1.4.2.tar.gz
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[root@nginx src]
# groupadd -g 108 -r nginx
[root@nginx src]
# useradd -u 108 -r -g 108 nginx
[root@nginx src]
# id nginx
uid=108(nginx) gid=108(nginx) 组=108(nginx)
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[root@nginx src]
# yum install -y pcre-devel openssl-devel
[root@nginx nginx-1.4.2]
# ./configure --prefix=/usr --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --pid-path=/var/run/nginx/nginx.pid --lock-path=/var/lock/nginx.lock --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/client/ --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/proxy/ --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/fcgi/ --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/uwsgi --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/scgi --with-pcre
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[root@nginx nginx-1.4.2]
# make && make install
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[root@nginx ~]
# cat /etc/init.d/nginx
#!/bin/sh
#
# nginx - this script starts and stops the nginx daemon
#
# chkconfig: - 85 15
# description: Nginx is an HTTP(S) server, HTTP(S) reverse \
# proxy and IMAP/POP3 proxy server
# processname: nginx
# config: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# config: /etc/sysconfig/nginx
# pidfile: /var/run/nginx.pid
# Source function library.
.
/etc/rc
.d
/init
.d
/functions
# Source networking configuration.
.
/etc/sysconfig/network
# Check that networking is up.
[
"$NETWORKING"
=
"no"
] &&
exit
0
nginx=
"/usr/sbin/nginx"
prog=$(
basename
$nginx)
NGINX_CONF_FILE=
"/etc/nginx/nginx.conf"
[ -f
/etc/sysconfig/nginx
] && .
/etc/sysconfig/nginx
lockfile=
/var/lock/subsys/nginx
make_dirs() {
# make required directories
user=`nginx -V 2>&1 |
grep
"configure arguments:"
|
sed
's/[^*]*--user=\([^ ]*\).*/\1/g'
-`
options=`$nginx -V 2>&1 |
grep
'configure arguments:'
`
for
opt
in
$options;
do
if
[ `
echo
$opt |
grep
'.*-temp-path'
` ];
then
value=`
echo
$opt |
cut
-d
"="
-f 2`
if
[ ! -d
"$value"
];
then
# echo "creating" $value
mkdir
-p $value &&
chown
-R $user $value
fi
fi
done
}
start() {
[ -x $nginx ] ||
exit
5
[ -f $NGINX_CONF_FILE ] ||
exit
6
make_dirs
echo
-n $
"Starting $prog: "
daemon $nginx -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
retval=$?
echo
[ $retval -
eq
0 ] &&
touch
$lockfile
return
$retval
}
stop() {
echo
-n $
"Stopping $prog: "
killproc $prog -QUIT
retval=$?
echo
[ $retval -
eq
0 ] &&
rm
-f $lockfile
return
$retval
}
restart() {
configtest ||
return
$?
stop
sleep
1
start
}
reload() {
configtest ||
return
$?
echo
-n $
"Reloading $prog: "
killproc $nginx -HUP
RETVAL=$?
echo
}
force_reload() {
restart
}
configtest() {
$nginx -t -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
}
rh_status() {
status $prog
}
rh_status_q() {
rh_status >
/dev/null
2>&1
}
case
"$1"
in
start)
rh_status_q &&
exit
0
$1
;;
stop)
rh_status_q ||
exit
0
$1
;;
restart|configtest)
$1
;;
reload)
rh_status_q ||
exit
7
$1
;;
force-reload)
force_reload
;;
status)
rh_status
;;
condrestart|try-restart)
rh_status_q ||
exit
0
;;
*)
echo
$
"Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|try-restart|reload|force-reload|configtest}"
exit
2
esac
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[root@nginx ~]
# chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx
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[root@nginx ~]
# chkconfig --add nginx
[root@nginx ~]
# chkconfig nginx on
[root@nginx ~]
# chkconfig nginx --list
nginx 0:关闭 1:关闭 2:启用 3:启用 4:启用 5:启用 6:关闭
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[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx start
正在启动 nginx: [确定]
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[root@nginx ~]
# netstat -ntlp | grep :80
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 3889
/nginx
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[root@web1 ~]
# yum install -y httpd
[root@web2 ~]
# yum install -y httpd
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[root@web1 ~]
# echo "<h1>web1.test.com</h1>" > /var/www/html/index.html
[root@web2 ~]
# echo "<h1>web2.test.com</h1>" > /var/www/html/index.html
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[root@web1 ~]
# service httpd start
正在启动 httpd: [确定]
[root@web2 ~]
# service httpd start
正在启动 httpd: [确定]
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(1).正向代理的概念
正向代理,也就是传说中的代理,他的工作原理就像一个跳板,简单的说,我是一个用户,我访问不了某网站,但是我能访问一个代理服务器,这个代理服务器呢,他能访问那个我不能访问的网站,于是我先连上代理服务器,告诉他我需要那个无法访问网站的内容,代理服务器去取回来,然后返回给我。从网站的角度,只在代理服务器来取内容的时候有一次记录,有时候并不知道是用户的请求,也隐藏了用户的资料,这取决于代理告不告诉网站。
(2).反向代理的概念
(3).两者区别
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location / {
proxy_pass http:
//localhost
:8000;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
}
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[root@nginx ~]
# cd /etc/nginx/
[root@nginx nginx]
# cp nginx.conf nginx.conf.bak #备份一个原配置文件
[root@nginx nginx]
# vim nginx.conf
location / {
proxy_pass http:
//192
.168.18.201;
}
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[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx: [确定]
|
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[root@web1 ~]
# tail /var/log/httpd/access_log
192.168.18.208 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:00:14:20 +0800]
"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.0"
404 289
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
192.168.18.208 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:00:14:20 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
192.168.18.208 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:00:14:20 +0800]
"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.0"
404 289
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:00:14:45 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.1"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:00:14:48 +0800]
"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1"
404 289
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
192.168.18.208 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:00:14:55 +0800]
"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.0"
404 289
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
192.168.18.208 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:00:15:05 +0800]
"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.0"
404 289
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
192.168.18.208 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:00:15:13 +0800]
"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.0"
404 289
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
192.168.18.208 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:00:15:16 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
192.168.18.208 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:00:15:16 +0800]
"GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.0"
404 289
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/28.0.1500.95 Safari/537.36"
|
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location / {
proxy_pass http:
//192
.168.18.201;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
#加上这一行
}
|
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[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx: [确定]
|
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[root@web1 ~]
# tail /var/log/httpd/access_log
192.168.18.208 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:16:26:18 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.208 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:16:26:18 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.208 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:16:26:18 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.208 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:16:26:18 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.208 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:16:26:18 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.208 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:16:26:18 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.208 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:16:26:18 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.208 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:16:26:18 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.208 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:16:26:18 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.208 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:16:26:18 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
|
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[root@web1 ~]
# service httpd restart
停止 httpd: [确定]
正在启动 httpd: [确定]
[root@web1 ~]
# tail /var/log/httpd/access_log
192.168.18.138 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:17:09:14 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:17:09:14 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:17:09:15 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:17:09:15 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:17:09:15 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:17:09:15 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:17:09:15 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:17:09:15 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:17:09:15 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [03
/Sep/2013
:17:09:15 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
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upstream
test
.net{
ip_hash;
server 192.168.10.13:80;
server 192.168.10.14:80 down;
server 192.168.10.15:8009 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=20s;
server 192.168.10.16:8080;
}
server {
location / {
proxy_pass http:
//test
.net;
}
}
|
-
轮询(默认)。每个请求按时间顺序逐一分配到不同的后端服务器,如果后端某台服务器宕机,故障系统被自动剔除,使用户访问不受影响。Weight 指定轮询权值,Weight值越大,分配到的访问机率越高,主要用于后端每个服务器性能不均的情况下。
-
ip_hash。每个请求按访问IP的hash结果分配,这样来自同一个IP的访客固定访问一个后端服务器,有效解决了动态网页存在的session共享问题。
-
fair。这是比上面两个更加智能的负载均衡算法。此种算法可以依据页面大小和加载时间长短智能地进行负载均衡,也就是根据后端服务器的响应时间来分配请求,响应时间短的优先分配。Nginx本身是不支持fair的,如果需要使用这种调度算法,必须下载Nginx的upstream_fair模块。
-
url_hash。此方法按访问url的hash结果来分配请求,使每个url定向到同一个后端服务器,可以进一步提高后端缓存服务器的效率。Nginx本身是不支持url_hash的,如果需要使用这种调度算法,必须安装Nginx 的hash软件包。
-
down,表示当前的server暂时不参与负载均衡。
-
backup,预留的备份机器。当其他所有的非backup机器出现故障或者忙的时候,才会请求backup机器,因此这台机器的压力最轻。
-
max_fails,允许请求失败的次数,默认为1。当超过最大次数时,返回proxy_next_upstream 模块定义的错误。
-
fail_timeout,在经历了max_fails次失败后,暂停服务的时间。max_fails可以和fail_timeout一起使用。
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[root@nginx ~]
# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
upstream webservers {
server 192.168.18.201 weight=1;
server 192.168.18.202 weight=1;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
proxy_pass http:
//webservers
;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
}
}
|
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[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx: [确定]
|
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11
|
[root@web1 ~]
# tail /var/log/httpd/access_log
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:41:58 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:41:58 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:41:59 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:41:59 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:42:00 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:42:00 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:42:00 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:44:21 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:44:22 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:44:22 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
|
1
2
3
4
5
|
[root@web2 ~]
# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
LogFormat
"%{X-Real-IP}i %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\""
combined
[root@web2 ~]
# service httpd restart
停止 httpd: [确定]
正在启动 httpd: [确定]
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
|
[root@web2 ~]
# tail /var/log/httpd/access_log
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:50:28 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:50:28 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:50:28 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:50:28 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:50:28 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:50:28 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:50:28 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:50:28 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:50:29 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
192.168.18.138 - - [04
/Sep/2013
:09:50:29 +0800]
"GET / HTTP/1.0"
200 23
"-"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)"
|
-
max_fails,允许请求失败的次数,默认为1。当超过最大次数时,返回proxy_next_upstream 模块定义的错误。
-
fail_timeout,在经历了max_fails次失败后,暂停服务的时间。max_fails可以和fail_timeout一起使用,进行健康状态检查。
1
2
3
4
5
|
[root@nginx ~]
# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
upstream webservers {
server 192.168.18.201 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=2;
server 192.168.18.202 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=2;
}
|
1
2
3
4
|
[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx: [确定]
|
1
2
3
|
先停止Web1,进行测试。
[root@web1 ~]
# service httpd stop
停止 httpd: [确定]
|
1
2
|
[root@web1 ~]
# service httpd start
正在启动 httpd: [确定]
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
|
[root@nginx ~]
# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
server {
listen 8080;
server_name localhost;
root
/data/www/errorpage
;
index index.html;
}
upstream webservers {
server 192.168.18.201 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=2;
server 192.168.18.202 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=2;
server 127.0.0.1:8080 backup;
}
[root@nginx ~]
# mkdir -pv /data/www/errorpage
[root@nginx errorpage]
# cat index.html
<h1>Sorry......<
/h1
>
|
1
2
3
4
|
[root@nginx errorpage]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx: [确定]
|
1
2
3
4
|
[root@web1 ~]
# service httpd stop
停止 httpd: [确定]
[root@web2 ~]
# service httpd stop
停止 httpd: [确定]
|
-
ip_hash,每个请求按访问IP的hash结果分配,这样来自同一个IP的访客固定访问一个后端服务器,有效解决了动态网页存在的session共享问题。(一般电子商务网站用的比较多)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
[root@nginx ~]
# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
upstream webservers {
ip_hash;
server 192.168.18.201 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=2;
server 192.168.18.202 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=2;
#server 127.0.0.1:8080 backup;
}
|
1
2
3
4
|
[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx: [确定]
|
1
2
|
[root@web2 ~]
# netstat -an | grep :80 | wc -l
304
|
proxy_cache_path
1
|
proxy_cache_path
/data/nginx/cache
levels=1:2 keys_zone=one:10m;
|
1
|
/data/nginx/cache/c/29/b7f54b2df7773722d382f4809d65029c
|
1
2
3
|
proxy_cache_path
/data/nginx/cache/one
levels=1 keys_zone=one:10m;
proxy_cache_path
/data/nginx/cache/two
levels=2:2 keys_zone=two:100m;
proxy_cache_path
/data/nginx/cache/three
levels=1:1:2 keys_zone=three:1000m;
|
proxy_cache
proxy_cache_valid
1
2
|
proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
proxy_cache_valid 404 1m;
|
1
|
proxy_cache_valid 5m;
|
1
2
3
|
proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
proxy_cache_valid 301 1h;
proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
|
[root@nginx ~]
# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
proxy_cache_path
/data/nginx/cache/webserver
levels=1:2 keys_zone=webserver:20m max_size=1g;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
proxy_pass http:
//webservers
;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_cache webserver;
proxy_cache_valid 200 10m;
}
}
|
1
|
[root@nginx ~]
# mkdir -pv /data/nginx/cache/webserver
|
1
2
3
4
|
[root@nginx webserver]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx: [确定]
|
$server_addr
$upstream_cache_status
-
MISS 未命中
-
EXPIRED - expired。请求被传送到后端。
-
UPDATING - expired。由于proxy/fastcgi_cache_use_stale正在更新,将使用旧的应答。
-
STALE - expired。由于proxy/fastcgi_cache_use_stale,后端将得到过期的应答。
-
HIT 命中
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
|
[root@nginx ~]
# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
proxy_cache_path
/data/nginx/cache/webserver
levels=1:2 keys_zone=webserver:20m max_size=1g;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
#增加两头部
add_header X-Via $server_addr;
add_header X-Cache $upstream_cache_status;
location / {
proxy_pass http:
//webservers
;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_cache webserver;
proxy_cache_valid 200 10m;
}
}
|
1
2
3
4
|
[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx: [确定]
|
1
2
3
|
[root@nginx ~]
# cd /data/nginx/cache/webserver/f/63/
[root@nginx 63]
# ls
681ad4c77694b65d61c9985553a2763f
|
1.URL重写模块(Rewrite)
指令
break
1
2
3
4
|
if
($slow) {
limit_rate 10k;
break
;
}
|
if
-
一个变量的名称;不成立的值为:空字符传”“或者一些用“0”开始的字符串。
-
一个使用=或者!=运算符的比较语句。
-
使用符号~*和~模式匹配的正则表达式:
-
~为区分大小写的匹配。
-
~*不区分大小写的匹配(firefox匹配FireFox)。
-
!~和!~*意为“不匹配的”。
-
使用-f和!-f检查一个文件是否存在。
-
使用-d和!-d检查一个目录是否存在。
-
使用-e和!-e检查一个文件,目录或者软链接是否存在。
-
使用-x和!-x检查一个文件是否为可执行文件。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
|
if
($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) {
rewrite ^(.*)$
/msie/
$1
break
;
}
if
($http_cookie ~*
"id=([^;] +)(?:;|$)"
) {
set
$
id
$1;
}
if
($request_method = POST ) {
return
405;
}
if
(!-f $request_filename) {
break
;
proxy_pass http:
//127
.0.0.1;
}
if
($slow) {
limit_rate 10k;
}
if
($invalid_referer) {
return
403;
}
if
($args ~ post=140){
rewrite ^ http:
//example
.com/ permanent;
}
|
return
rewrite
-
last - 完成重写指令,之后搜索相应的URI或location。
-
break - 完成重写指令。
-
redirect - 返回302临时重定向,如果替换字段用http://开头则被使用。
-
permanent - 返回301永久重定向。
1
2
3
|
rewrite ^(
/download/
.*)
/media/
(.*)\..*$ $1
/mp3/
$2.mp3 last;
rewrite ^(
/download/
.*)
/audio/
(.*)\..*$ $1
/mp3/
$2.ra last;
return
403;
|
1
2
3
4
5
|
location
/download/
{
rewrite ^(
/download/
.*)
/media/
(.*)\..*$ $1
/mp3/
$2.mp3
break
;
rewrite ^(
/download/
.*)
/audio/
(.*)\..*$ $1
/mp3/
$2.ra
break
;
return
403;
}
|
1
|
rewrite ^
/users/
(.*)$
/show
?user=$1? last;
|
1
|
/photos/123456
|
1
|
/path/to/photos/12/1234/123456
.png
|
1
|
rewrite
"/photos/([0-9] {2})([0-9] {2})([0-9] {2})"
/path/to/photos/
$1/$1$2/$1$2$3.png;
|
1
2
3
4
|
server {
server_name www.example.com;
rewrite ^ http:
//example
.com$request_uri? permanent;
}
|
1
2
3
|
if
($args ^~ post=100){
rewrite ^ http:
//example
.com
/new-address
.html? permanent;
}
|
rewrite_log
set
uninitialized_variable_warn
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
|
location
/download/
{
if
($forbidden) {
return
403;
}
if
($slow) {
limit_rate 10k;
}
rewrite ^/(download/.*)
/media/
(.*)\..*$ /$1
/mp3/
$2.mp3
break
;
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
|
variable $forbidden
checking to zero
recovery 403
completion of entire code
variable $slow
checking to zero
checkings of regular excodession
copying
"/"
copying $1
copying
"/mp3/"
copying $2
copying
".mp3"
completion of regular excodession
completion of entire sequence
|
1
|
rewrite ^/(download/.*)
/media/
(.*)\..*$ /$1
/mp3/
$2.mp3
break
;
|
1
|
rewrite ^(
/download/
.*)
/media/
(.*)\..*$ $1
/mp3/
$2.mp3
break
;
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
checking regular excodession
copying $1
copying
"/mp3/"
copying $2
copying
".mp3"
completion of regular excodession
completion of entire code
|
2.简单案例
注,由于配置文件内容较多,为了让大家看着方便,我们备份一下配置文件,打开一个新的配置文件。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
|
[root@nginx ~]
# cd /etc/nginx/
[root@nginx nginx]
# mv nginx.conf nginx.conf.proxy
[root@nginx nginx]
# cp nginx.conf.bak nginx.conf
[root@nginx nginx]
# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
rewrite ^
/bbs/
(.*)$ http:
//192
.168.18.201
/forum/
$1;
}
}
|
准备forum目录与测试文件
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
[root@web1 ~]
# cd /var/www/html/
[root@web1 html]
# ls
index.html
[root@web1 html]
# mkdir forum
[root@web1 html]
# cd forum/
[root@web1 forum]
# vim index.html
<h1>forum page!<
/h1
>
|
3.重新加载一下配置文件
1
2
3
4
|
[root@nginx 63]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx: [确定]
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
|
[root@nginx nginx]
# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
rewrite ^
/bbs/
(.*)$
/forum/
$1;
}
}
|
准备forum目录与测试文件
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
[root@nginx ~]
# cd /usr/html/
[root@nginx html]
# ls
50x.html index.html
[root@nginx html]
# mkdir forum
[root@nginx html]
# cd forum/
[root@nginx forum]
# vim index.html
<h1>192.168.18.208 forum page<
/h1
>
|
1
2
3
4
|
[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx: [确定]
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
|
[root@nginx nginx]
# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log logs/host.access.log main;
location / {
proxy_pass http:
//192
.168.18.202;
if
($request_method =
"PUT"
){
proxy_pass http:
//192
.168.18.201;
}
}
}
|
1
2
3
4
|
[root@nginx ~]
# service nginx reload
nginx: the configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration
file
/etc/nginx/nginx
.conf
test
is successful
重新载入 nginx: [确定]
|
1
|
[root@web1 ~]
# vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
|
1
2
3
|
[root@web1 ~]
# service httpd restart
停止 httpd: [确定]
正在启动 httpd: [确定]
|
1
2
3
4
|
[root@nginx ~]
# curl http://192.168.18.201
<h1>web1.
test
.com<
/h1
>
[root@nginx ~]
# curl http://192.168.18.202
<h1>web2.
test
.com<
/h1
>
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
|
[root@nginx ~]
# curl -T /etc/issue http://192.168.18.202
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
"-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN"
>
<html><
head
>
<title>405 Method Not Allowed<
/title
>
<
/head
><body>
<h1>Method Not Allowed<
/h1
>
The requested method PUT is not allowed
for
the URL
/issue
.
<hr>
<address>Apache
/2
.2.15 (CentOS) Server at 192.168.18.202 Port 80<
/address
>
<
/body
><
/html
>
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
|
[root@nginx ~]
# curl -T /etc/issue http://192.168.18.201
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
"-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN"
>
<html><
head
>
<title>403 Forbidden<
/title
>
<
/head
><body>
<h1>Forbidden<
/h1
>
You don't have permission to access
/issue
on this server.
<hr>
<address>Apache
/2
.2.15 (CentOS) Server at 192.168.18.201 Port 80<
/address
>
<
/body
><
/html
>
|
1
|
[root@web1 ~]
# setfacl -m u:apache:rwx /var/www/html/
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
|
[root@nginx ~]
# curl -T /etc/issue http://192.168.18.201
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
"-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN"
>
<html><
head
>
<title>201 Created<
/title
>
<
/head
><body>
<h1>Created<
/h1
>
Resource
/issue
has been created.
<hr />
<address>Apache
/2
.2.15 (CentOS) Server at 192.168.18.201 Port 80<
/address
>
<
/body
><
/html
>
|
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[root@web1 ~]
# cd /var/www/html/
[root@web1 html]
# ll
总用量 12
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 9月 4 13:16 forum
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 23 9月 3 23:37 index.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 apache apache 47 9月 4 14:06 issue
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