1、先直接上代码,有详细注释,然后讲一下如何操作运行这个区块链
package main
import (
"crypto/sha256"
"encoding/hex"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io"
"log"
"net/http"
"os"
"strconv"
"strings"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
"github.com/gorilla/mux"
"github.com/joho/godotenv"
)
const difficulty = 1
// Block 的结构
type Block struct {
Index int
Timestamp string
BPM int
Hash string
PrevHash string
Difficulty int
Nonce string
}
// Blockchain 定义,即很多区块的集合
var Blockchain []Block
// 用来记录脉搏信息的结构
type Message struct {
BPM int
}
//声明一个互斥量mutex,后面会使用该变量避免出现数据竞争,确保多个区块不会同一时间生成。
var mutex = &sync.Mutex{}
func main() {
err := godotenv.Load()
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
go func() {
t := time.Now()
genesisBlock := Block{}
genesisBlock = Block{0, t.String(), 0, calculateHash(genesisBlock), "", difficulty, ""}
spew.Dump(genesisBlock)
mutex.Lock()
Blockchain = append(Blockchain, genesisBlock)
mutex.Unlock()
}()
log.Fatal(run())
}
/**
快速搭一个Web服务器。首先创建一个run函数,main函数随后会调用这个函数来运行服务器。
在makeMuxRouter()中声明了相应的请求处理函数。请注意,我们需要通过GET请求获取区块链,
通过POST请求添加新的区块。区块链无法更改,因此我们不需要实现编辑或删除功能。
可以通过浏览器访问http://localhost:8080/来访问我们构建的应用。
*/
func run() error {
mux := makeMuxRouter()
httpPort := os.Getenv("PORT")
log.Println("HTTP Server Listening on port :", httpPort)
s := &http.Server{
Addr: ":" + httpPort,
Handler: mux,
ReadTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20,
}
if err := s.ListenAndServe(); err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
// create handlers
func makeMuxRouter() http.Handler {
muxRouter := mux.NewRouter()
muxRouter.HandleFunc("/", handleGetBlockchain).Methods("GET")
muxRouter.HandleFunc("/", handleWriteBlock).Methods("POST")
return muxRouter
}
// write blockchain when we receive an http request
func handleGetBlockchain(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
bytes, err := json.MarshalIndent(Blockchain, "", " ")
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
io.WriteString(w, string(bytes))
}
/**
这个函数可以实现新区块的添加过程。
我们使用Postman来发起POST请求,向http://localhost:8080发送JSON数据(如{“BPM”:60}),
其中包含前面你记录下的那个脉搏次数。
*/
func handleWriteBlock(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
var m Message
decoder := json.NewDecoder(r.Body)
if err := decoder.Decode(&m); err != nil {
respondWithJSON(w, r, http.StatusBadRequest, r.Body)
return
}
defer r.Body.Close()
//锁定新的区块,避免数据竞争
mutex.Lock()
newBlock := generateBlock(Blockchain[len(Blockchain)-1], m.BPM)
mutex.Unlock()
if isBlockValid(newBlock, Blockchain[len(Blockchain)-1]) {
Blockchain = append(Blockchain, newBlock)
spew.Dump(Blockchain)
}
respondWithJSON(w, r, http.StatusCreated, newBlock)
}
/**
一旦API调用过程中出现错误就能以JSON格式返回错误信息。
*/
func respondWithJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, code int, payload interface{}) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
response, err := json.MarshalIndent(payload, "", " ")
if err != nil {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
w.Write([]byte("HTTP 500: Internal Server Error"))
return
}
w.WriteHeader(code)
w.Write(response)
}
/**
确保我们的索引能正确递增,并且当前区块的PrevHash与前一个区块的Hash相匹配。
*/
func isBlockValid(newBlock, oldBlock Block) bool {
if oldBlock.Index+1 != newBlock.Index {
return false
}
if oldBlock.Hash != newBlock.PrevHash {
return false
}
if calculateHash(newBlock) != newBlock.Hash {
return false
}
return true
}
/**
用HASH256来生成哈希值,以计算Hash以及PrevHash
*/
func calculateHash(block Block) string {
record := strconv.Itoa(block.Index) + block.Timestamp + strconv.Itoa(block.BPM) + block.PrevHash + block.Nonce
h := sha256.New()
h.Write([]byte(record))
hashed := h.Sum(nil)
return hex.EncodeToString(hashed)
}
// 用前一个区块的hash生成一个新的区块
func generateBlock(oldBlock Block, BPM int) Block {
var newBlock Block
t := time.Now()
newBlock.Index = oldBlock.Index + 1
newBlock.Timestamp = t.String()
newBlock.BPM = BPM
newBlock.PrevHash = oldBlock.Hash
newBlock.Difficulty = difficulty
for i := 0; ; i++ {
hex := fmt.Sprintf("%x", i)
newBlock.Nonce = hex
if !isHashValid(calculateHash(newBlock), newBlock.Difficulty) {
fmt.Println(calculateHash(newBlock), " do more work!")
time.Sleep(time.Second)
continue
} else {
fmt.Println(calculateHash(newBlock), " work done!")
newBlock.Hash = calculateHash(newBlock)
break
}
}
return newBlock
}
/**
判断计算得到的hash值是否是合适的
Proof of Work生成的哈希必须具有特定位数的前导零。
前导零的位数由程序刚开始定义的difficulty常量来决定(这里这个值为1).
*/
func isHashValid(hash string, difficulty int) bool {
prefix := strings.Repeat("0", difficulty)
return strings.HasPrefix(hash, prefix)
}
2、运行程序
可以在Golang中直接运行,也可以命令行go run运行,下载源码之后,Readme里面有使用方法
其中的 navigate to this directory and rename the example file `mv example.env .env`
意思是将项目根目录的example.env文件改名为.env,如下图
然后运行程序,通过postman请求,如下图
然后在浏览器中也可以查看区块链数据